典型油田多环芳烃污染对土壤反硝化微生物群落结构的影响

油田区土壤具有潜在的PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)污染风险,而以硝酸根为电子受体的反硝化作用可能在PAHs的厌氧代谢中起到重要作用.以具有50多年历史的江汉油田区域为对象,从该油田的油井口附近采集了9个土壤样品,编号为JH-1~JH-9,以反硝化相关的nir K(Cu-亚硝酸还原酶基因)和nirS(细胞色素cd1-亚硝酸还原酶基因)为分子标识,通过定量PCR及克隆文库结合T-RFLP(terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism)的方法,研究典型油田区土壤反硝化微生物的群落结构,并探讨其与土壤环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,该油田区土壤中nirK基因的丰度高于nirS基因,PAHs含量最高的土壤样品(JH-4)中反硝化功能基因nir K和nir S的丰度均最低,相关性分析表明,土壤nir K及nirS基因的丰度均与土壤PAHs含量呈显著负相关(nirK:R2=0.54,P0.05;nirS:R~2=0.58,P0.05).克隆文库及T-RFLP的结果则表明,该油田土壤中nirK基因的群落组成在不同样品间的变异较大,且PAHs含量最高的JH-4中该基因的群落组成与其它各样品有明显的不同,RDA(redundancy analysis)的分析结果进一步表明除有效氮、有效磷外,土壤PAHs含量也是影响nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的重要因子.相较于nirK,该油田区土壤中nirS基因的群落组成在不同样品间的差异较小,但发现nirS型假单胞菌的丰度与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关,表明具备较强有机污染物降解能力的假单胞菌属可能在该区域土壤PAHs的反硝化代谢中起到重要作用.     

稻田土壤不同水分条件下硝化/反硝化作用及其功能微生物的变化特征

以湖南桃源县一长期种植水稻的酸性土壤为研究对象,在微宇宙培养条件下设置了4个水分梯度处理,分别为田间持水量(water holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%和淹水2 cm深.考察了水分条件变化对硝化和反硝化作用影响,并结合定量PCR和限制性末端片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了硝化-反硝化微生物的响应特征.结果表明,30%WHC处理土壤无明显的硝化和反硝化作用发生,硝化作用主要发生于60%WHC和90%WHC处理土壤,90%WHC处理土壤硝化作用明显强于60%WHC,并检测到明显的N2O释放,表明该水分条件可能发生了硝化-反硝化耦合作用.淹水处理土壤氧化还原势Eh显著低于非淹水处理土壤,无明显的硝化作用发生,但能检测到N2O释放且释放量小于90%WHC处理土壤.除培养初期(7 d)外,反硝化功能基因nirS和nirK,以及氨氧化细菌(AOB)amoA基因的丰度先随着水分增加而增加,并在淹水处理中小幅下降,三者之间呈明显的正相关关系,且AOB amoA、nirS和nirK基因丰度均在90%WHC处理中最高,与该处理中硝化和反硝化活性最高相一致.T-RFLP结果表明,培养2周后,nirS基因为代表的反硝化微生物群落组成对水分梯度变化产生明显响应,Eh和含水率Cw是影响其群落组成的主要因子.     

土壤硝化和反硝化微生物群落及活性对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

硝化和反硝化微生物参与土壤氮循环转化过程,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高可能会影响它们的群落结构和活性.本试验依托稻-麦轮作农田系统气候变化平台研究大气CO_2浓度单独升高(CE)、升温(WA)以及两者同时升高(CW)对麦田土壤硝化和反硝化微生物基因丰度、群落结构和活性的影响.结果表明,在小麦分蘖期,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对氨氧化细菌(AOB)和反硝化细菌丰度没有影响,而在抽穗和成熟期,CO_2浓度单独升高显著提高了氨氧化古菌(AOA)和反硝化细菌丰度,升温处理对其没有显著影响.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对土壤AOA、AOB和反硝化细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了AOA和反硝化细菌多样性.另外,CO_2浓度单独升高处理显著提高了成熟期的土壤硝化速率,不同气候变化处理对反硝化速率没有显著影响.研究表明大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对不同生育期的微生物群落影响存在差异,而且功能微生物对不同气候变化因子处理的响应也各不相同.     

芘对土壤微生物氮转化功能菌群的影响特征

通过构建好氧降解微环境,分析环境浓度下的芘(12.09mg/kg)对土壤酶活性,氮转化全过程以及相关功能微生物的影响.结果发现,芘仅在降解第1d显著促进了脲酶活性,而在降解最初和后期均显著刺激了脱氢酶活性.从细菌群落结构分析可知,由于氨氧化菌(Nitrososphaeraceae)相对丰度的变化,导致花在处理前期对其介导的好氧氨氧化,硝化功能表现为促进作用,在后期表现为抑制作用,而对于固氮细菌(Bradyrhizobium,Mesorhizobium和Ensifer),尿素分解细菌(Roseomonas)以及硝酸盐还原细菌(Opitutus)则作用相反.与微生物群落结构以及相关功能预测的变化不同,功能基因定量分析表明,芘虽在培养初期对固氮基因nifH表现为抑制作用,但nifH的丰度呈增长趋势.结合土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程中关键酶活性及编码基因的变化,芘在培养前期未促进氨氧化过程,但在15d后明显抑制了土壤氨氧化和反硝化过程,其中对氨氧化过程的抑制作用更为显著.本研究阐明了芘对土壤微生物氮转化过程的影响特征,为了解芘的环境风险提供重要参考价值.     

宛山荡农田土壤氮迁移过程反硝化与厌氧氨氧化

为探究中国南方农田土壤氮迁移过程的反硝化与厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX)速率变化和脱氮贡献本研究采集宛山荡麦稻轮作区农田不同层深土壤及农田、沟道、河岸带和湖泊沉积物等不同土地利用类型土壤样品,分析其理化性质采用Illumina MiSeq测序和实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)技术探究土壤样品的微生物群落组成和功能基因丰度应用同位素培养实验测定各样品的潜在反硝化与厌氧氨氧化速率(以N_2计,下同).结果表明,土壤反硝化速率与TOC、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量均显著正相关(P0.05),与nirS、nirK及nosZ等功能基因丰度亦呈显著正相关(P 0.05).农田表层土壤反硝化速率为(11.51±1.04) nmol·(g·h)~(-1),显著高于农田其他土壤层以及其他土地利用类型(P 0.05),而农田土壤中厌氧氨氧化速率在20～30 cm层最高,达到(0.48±0.07) nmol·(g·h)~(-1).此外,反硝化作用是农田表层土壤氮损失的主要原因,占91.9%～99.7%,而厌氧氨氧化在深层土壤N_2的产生过程中占有重要地位.     

长期施用有机和无机肥对黑土nirS型反硝化菌种群结构和丰度的影响

利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,Q-PCR)技术,结合反硝化潜势(DEA)和土壤理化性质的测定,探索了长期施用有机和无机肥对公主岭黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构和丰度的影响.试验设不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(OM)、单施无机肥(NPK)以及有机肥和无机肥混施(MNPK)等4个处理.结果表明,长期施用有机肥显著增加了土壤的DEA,其中OM、NPK和MNPK处理分别为CK处理的5.92、1.81和6.03倍,而NPK和CK间无差异.有机肥处理增加了黑土nirS型反硝化细菌的丰度,OM、NPK和MNPK处理中nirS基因的拷贝数分别为CK的2.73、1.30和3.98倍;NPK处理对nirS基因的拷贝数影响不显著.T-RFLP图谱显示施用有机肥改变了nirS反硝化细菌的群落结构;相比于非有机肥处理,有机肥处理中增加了一类79 bp的片段类型,显著降低了84 bp的片段类型,并完全抑制了一类99 bp的片段类型,而有机肥处理间和非有机肥处理间的nirS群落结构分别相似.系统发育分析表明:黑土中nirS型反硝化菌主要由α、β和γ-变形菌纲及一些尚未培养的微生物组成,79 bp的片段类型与γ-变形菌纲的假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)和β-变形菌纲的伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)相似,84 bp片段类型与Burkholderiales和红环菌目(Rhodocyclales)相似.相关性分析表明,pH、全磷(TP)、全氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度(r为0.724～0.922,P<0.05)和DEA(r为0.453～0.938,P<0.01)显著相关,DEA与nirS型反硝化细菌的种群丰度显著线性正相关(r=0.85,P<0.01);冗余度分析表明,除含水量外,TN、TP、pH、TOC、NH4+-N和NO3--N(r为0.440～0.862,P<0.01)依次与nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化显著相关,DEA的变化和nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的变化亦显著相关(r=0.863,P<0.01).本研究表明相比于无机肥处理,公主岭黑土中nirS型反硝化菌的群落结构与丰度对有机肥处理有更显著的响应,且其群落结构的改变与种群丰度的增加与DEA的提高显著相关.     

有机质提升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及功能微生物的影响

外源有机物质输入是提升酸性红壤有机质含量的主要方式,氮素是土壤肥力的重要限制因子.有机质提升后土壤生态系统的变化会影响土壤氮循环过程及功能微生物,但目前还未见报道.本研究选择长期施有机肥的酸性旱地红壤及不施肥对照土壤作为研究材料,基于宏基因组测序及氮循环功能基因数据库比对,研究32 a的连续有机物质输入导致的土壤有机质含量上升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及相关功能微生物的影响.结果表明,酸性红壤有机质提升显著增加了土壤总有机碳和总氮含量,缓解了土壤酸化.有机质提升增加了土壤净硝化活性和氨氧化潜势.有机质提升显著增长了编码古菌氨单加氧酶amoA基因和反硝化过程还原酶的功能基因nar、nap、nir、nor和nos的丰度,降低了编码羟胺氧化酶hao基因及执行硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的功能基因nrf的丰度,提升了有机氮代谢功能基因glnA、gdh、glsA、ansB和nao丰度,改变了硝酸盐同化过程功能基因丰度以及硝化过程功能微生物群落组成.有机质提升后土壤酸化的缓解和总有机碳含量的提升是影响氮循环各过程功能基因丰度及功能微生物组成的最主要因子.本研究全面研究了无机氮和有机氮循环功能基因,关联了氨氧化过程的功能基因、功能微生物类群和功能活性,可为把握酸性红壤氮循环特征提供数据依据,也可为酸性土壤改良提供思路.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤功能微生物和柠檬产量及品质的影响

为明确化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物(硝化、反硝化和溶磷微生物)对柠檬产量和品质的影响,以柠檬果实和非根际/根际土壤为研究对象,将传统果实品质测定与分子生物学技术相结合,探究化肥减量配施有机肥处理非根际/根际土壤功能微生物与柠檬产量和品质之间的相互关系.结果表明：(1)70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著增加硝化强度和磷酸酶活性,但有效控制反硝化酶活性.(2)化肥减量配施有机肥显著降低硝化微生物和nirS和nirK基因反硝化微生物的丰度.同时,增加nosZ基因反硝化微生物和phoD基因溶磷微生物的丰度.但是,功能微生物群落结构多样性在化肥减量配施有机肥处理没有明确的规律性.(3)相较于化肥和有机肥,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理柠檬产量最高,果实品质最佳.(4)氮素及其转化的相关微生物通过柠檬内在和外观品质显著影响柠檬产量;而磷素及其转化微生物主要通过柠檬内在品质影响柠檬产量.此外,非根际土和根际土对柠檬内在品质的影响因子存在明显的分异现象.由上可知,70%化肥+30%腐熟猪粪处理显著影响土壤氮、磷功能微生物进而提升柠檬产量和品质.     

浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化/反硝化微生物丰度的影响

为揭示湖泊近岸浅层地下水升降对菜地土壤剖面硝化与反硝化功能微生物基因丰度的影响,以洱海湖滨带菜地土壤剖面为研究对象,通过模拟地下水升降过程,分析了水位升高(S1)、水位降低(S2)及落干(S3)过程中土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度的变化特征,探讨了功能基因与土壤环境因子的耦合关系.结果表明:S3阶段的土壤剖面AOA-amoA和AOB-amoA基因丰度显著高于S1和S2;S1阶段的土壤剖面nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均显著高于S2和S3.AOA-amoA基因丰度显著高于AOB-amoA基因丰度,nirS基因丰度显著高于nirK、nosZ基因丰度;不同取样时期的土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度均表现为A层B层C层D层.水位升降对土壤剖面AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA、nirK、nirS、nosZ基因丰度有显著影响,且AOA-amoA和nirS基因对水位升降更敏感,分别在硝化与反硝化作用中占主导地位;pH、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)为功能基因AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA的环境驱动因子,而功能基因nirK、nirS、nosZ的环境驱动因子为土壤含水量(W)、铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、TN、SOC、pH.该研究结果可为揭示浅层地下水升降过程中菜地土壤剖面氮素循环的微生物学机制提供科学依据.     

若尔盖花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因丰度垂向分布特征及其环境响应

若尔盖湿地作为中国最大的泥炭沼泽区,是生物地球化学循环的重要场所.本文以若尔盖湿地的花湖为研究对象,采集0～47 cm的沉积物样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,探究沉积物中氨氧化(amoA)和反硝化(nirS、nirK、nosZ clade I)功能基因丰度的垂向分布特征,及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:花湖沉积物中古菌amoA基因丰度在垂向分布上呈下降趋势,而nirS基因丰度呈上升趋势;古菌和细菌的amoA基因丰度相近,nirS基因丰度则远高于nirK基因,且氨氧化功能基因丰度整体上比反硝化功能基因低1～2个数量级.总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO~-_2-N)与古菌amoA基因丰度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与nirS基因丰度呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).这两种功能基因明显受到花湖沉积物中不同形式氮素浓度的影响与限制.通过研究花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因的垂向分布特征及其对环境的响应,可为深入了解高原湖泊沉积物中的氮循环机理提供参考.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.