阳泉市秋冬季PM2.5化学组分及来源分析

采集了阳泉市城区2017年10月15日～2018年1月23日PM_(2.5)样品,分析了优良天和污染天PM_(2.5)及其化学组分特征,并利用富集因子分析法(EF)和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对PM_(2.5)进行来源分析.结果表明,采样期间污染天二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、 NO~-_3和NH~+_4)在PM_(2.5)中的比例为23.83%,是优良天的2.43倍,污染天二次无机污染严重,污染天人为源相关的元素Cd、 Sb、 Sn、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn和As富集程度大于优良天;主要的污染源对PM_(2.5)的贡献分别是燃煤29.26%、扬尘23.83%、机动车19.34%、二次源16.01%和工业源11.57%,其中,污染天机动车排放对PM_(2.5)的贡献20.57%,高于优良天时17.82%,而燃煤源的贡献23.04%明显低于优良天时33.75%,静稳天气时机动车排放对PM_(2.5)贡献较优良天上升,燃煤源对PM_(2.5)贡献有下降.因此,阳泉市在秋冬季应加强对燃煤、扬尘源的控制,同时进一步加强对机动车的控制,以减少污染期间机动车的贡献.     

超低排放燃煤电站三氧化硫的迁移和排放特征

采用美国环保署(USEPA)method 8推荐的方法,对典型超低排放燃煤电站满负荷工况下的燃煤、烟气、飞灰、渣进行三氧化硫监测.实验结果表明:燃煤电站超低排放环保设备对三氧化硫的总脱除率为71.86%,大气三氧化硫排放浓度为1.5 mg·m~(-3)(气体体积为标准大气压下的体积,下同).选择性脱硝催化剂(SCR)前烟气中三氧化硫生成量为二氧化硫的0.46%,在SCR催化剂SO_2/SO_3的转化率为0.58%,空气预热器内气态三氧化硫浓度显著降低.低温电除尘(LLT-ESP)内三氧化硫与飞灰结合得到脱除,LLT-ESP细灰中三氧化硫含量为粗灰的1.38倍.湿法脱硫系统(WFGD)对三氧化硫的脱除率为48.45%.超低排放燃煤电站大气三氧化硫排放因子EF_煤、EF_电分别为17.13 mg·kg~(-1)、4.41 mg·kW~(-1)·h~(-1).估算2018年我国燃煤电站三氧化硫大气排放总量约为3.99万t·a~(-1).     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

长江三角洲冬季电厂排放对大气污染的影响

分析了长江三角洲地区电厂排放的基本特征并利用WRF-Chem模拟冬季大气污染状况,研究了冬季电厂排放主要污染物的特征及其对空气质量的影响,结果显示,长三角电厂排放的主要大气污染物为SO₂、NO_x及PM_2.5,2010年排放量可分别达到826.8、1475.6和137.3Gg,分别占长三角地区人为源总排放量的34%、38%和14%.冬季主要大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5）浓度高值区分布在南京-上海,杭州-宁波一带.电厂对SO₂浓度贡献量（率）的空间分布与SO₂排放的空间分布较为一致,而NO₂、PM_2.5,其贡献量（率）的高值区主要分布在安徽、浙江和江西的交界处以及浙江省的东海岸.相对SO₂、NO₂,电厂对PM_2.5贡献量（率）较低,各地均在20μg/m³（15%）以下.污染时期电厂排放对模拟的PM_2.5和SO₂贡献率（6.9%、34.2%）较清洁时期（4.9%、20.7%）大,而对于NO₂,清洁和污染时期的贡献量没有明显差别,均在10μg/m³左右.冬季气温低、风速小及边界层高度低的特征不利于低层污染物的扩散,易导致重污染事件的发生.     

北京市秋冬季环流型下的细颗粒物传输

利用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统对北京市2013~2018年秋冬季（即当年11、12月和次年1、2月份）细颗粒物（PM_2.5）进行模拟,计算北京周边4个截面的PM_2.5传输通量,结合流场、浓度的分析,总结11种大气环流型下北京市的PM_2.5传输特征.污染严重的西南（SW）和西（W）环流型下,北京地区受强烈的PM_2.5传输作用,0.6km以下南部平原的输入产生了非常强的输入累积作用,加重了北京地区PM_2.5的污染程度.污染严重的南（S）环流型下,0.6km以下东部平原和0.6km以上南部平原的输入都产生了较强的输入累积作用,京津冀东部和南部地区的污染物通过不同高度范围传输影响北京地区的PM_2.5水平.污染同样严重的均压（UM）和气旋（C）环流型下,各方向的传输都没有产生明显的输入累积作用,本地排放的削减对于污染的控制尤为重要.污染中等的东（E）、东南（SE）环流型下,北京地区在近地层（0.2km以下）通过南部平原截面对保定等城市有较大的输出通量,对北京污染具有较强的输出消散作用.污染轻的北（N）、东北（NE）和西北（NW）环流型下,北京地区在1km以下通过东部平原截面对廊坊、天津等城市有很大的输出通量,对北京污染具有很强的输出消散作用.污染轻的A环流型下,北京地区没有明显的PM_2.5输入输出现象.     

生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

Reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene by a new iron-fly ash packing

A new iron-fly ash packing was studied for reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene. The packing was made of iron, fly ash and kaolin with the mass ratio of 36:7:2. A reactor was designed to investigate the long-term performance of the packing. The results showed that the reduction of p-nitrotoluene increased with decreasing pH, because the reduction potential of reaction increased with the concentration of H⁺. The pH was one of the key factors impacting the reductive transformation of p-nitrotoluene. Comparing iron-activated carbon packing with the new iron-fly ash packing, the reduction efficiencies were respectively 76.61% and 75.36% after 20 days. The reduction efficiency for both was around 50% at 40 days. It was evident that these two kinds of packing had no significant difference in their capability for p-nitrotoluene reductive transformation. Compared with iron-activated carbon, the new iron-fly ash packing had obvious advantages in terms of manufacturing costs and environmental pollution degradation. This study showed that the new iron-fly ash packing had good performance in reductive transformation of nitrotoluene compounds.     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氟排放特征

选择我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉,进行了烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品的采集和F(氟)含量分析,考察燃煤电厂F排放特征. 结果表明:经过烟气除尘、脱硫及脱硝装置后,烟气中氟化物浓度明显降低; 除尘器主要脱除烟气中颗粒态F,静电除尘器对烟气中氟化物的总脱除效率为19.50%~36.59%,布袋除尘器的脱除效率略高于静电除尘器;石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可协同脱除烟气中94.19%的氟化物. 燃煤中的F经过燃烧和烟气净化装置后,有0.83%~3.37%由底渣排放;1.20%~2.00%转移到脱硫废水中;13.45%~33.80%转移到飞灰中;59.60%~79.66%转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.04%~5.00%通过烟囱排入大气.      

铬盐行业清洁生产审核探讨

铬盐行业是我国重点整治的高污染行业,推行清洁生产势在必行。文章结合实例,对铬盐行业清洁生产审核进行探讨。污染负荷最高的焙烧车间是重点审核对象;评估过程产生7个中/高费方案,综合筛选出6个可行方案,已实施或正在实施的"少钙焙烧"等6个方案使企业主要污染物铬渣排放量削减达40%,焙烧窑含铬粉尘无组织排放量减少约10%,原辅料及能源消耗均有一定程度降低。对铬盐行业清洁生产审核的探讨为铬盐企业推行清洁生产提供了范例,有利于铬盐行业的可持续发展。     

铜离子对双室微生物燃料电池电能输出的影响研究

通过分别或同时向阳极室和阴极室添加Cu2+,借助铜在体系中的分布解析,研究了Cu2+对体系内阻及其分布、电能输出、库仑效率等的影响,以期为微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)处理含铜废水的相关研究提供有益参考.结果表明,阳极添加10 mg·L-1的Cu2+会增大体系阳极反应的活化内阻及总体表观内阻,降低体系的电能输出和库仑效率,而阴极添加500 mg·L-1的Cu2+可显著降低阴极反应的活化内阻及总体表观内阻,提高体系产电效率.铜在体系中分布的研究表明,阳极室Cu2+不会向阴极室迁移扩散;当阴极添加Cu2+时,大部分被还原沉淀,另一部分因浓度梯度透过质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)迁移扩散至阳极室(2.8%),影响产电微生物活性及系统的电能输出,仅有少部分Cu2+残留于阴极上清液中.     

淋洗剂对多金属污染尾矿土壤的修复效应及技术研究

以我国南方某多金属复合污染尾矿土壤为研究对象,对土壤中重金属全量和各形态含量进行分析.通过系列振荡淋洗试验研究了蒸馏水、草酸、柠檬酸、乙酸、硝酸和EDTA对污染土壤的淋洗效果,筛选合适的淋洗剂及其最佳的液土比、液洗时间、淋洗次数等技术参数,并提出利用综合毒性消减指数来综合评价淋洗剂对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该土壤以Cd和Pb污染最为严重,含量分别达52.2 mg.kg-1和4 836.5 mg.kg-1;淋洗剂对土壤中不同重金属元素的淋洗效果差异明显,其中对Cr的去除率最高仅为2.7%,而最多能去除约60%的Cd和Pb;蒸馏水对重金属几乎没有脱除效果,去除率都在0.1%以下,草酸和乙酸对重金属的去除率也较低,0.1 mol.L-1的EDTA是适合的高效淋洗剂;基于综合毒性消减指数和经济成本,选择在1∶6土水比2次淋洗3 h的技术条件.     

洛阳市秋冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

本研究于2018年10月4日至2019年1月30日在洛阳市高新和林校2个采样点位同步连续采集秋冬季PM_2.5样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对PM_2.5中优先控制的16种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）进行了分析测定.对优良天和污染天PM_2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度和组成分布特征进行了研究,利用特征比值法和主成分分析法对其主要来源进行了定性解析,并使用苯并［a］芘（BaP）毒性当量法和增量终生致癌风险模型评估了对人体的健康风险.结果表明在采样期内,高新和林校两个采样点的PM_2.5中16种PAHs质量浓度变化范围分别为24.33~90.26 ng·m^-3和23.81~76.99 ng·m^-3.随着PM_2.5污染程度的加重,PAHs浓度明显升高（污染天为优良天的1.3倍）,不同环数PAHs贡献顺序均为：4环（43%~48%） > 5~6环（32%~35%） > 2~3环（20%~22%）.大气中PAHs主要来自于燃烧源,包括燃煤、生物质燃烧以及机动车排放等,其中燃煤对PAHs污染贡献最大（优良天：49.28%~56.38%,污染天：49.44%~60.60%）.BaP毒性当量浓度表明,污染天存在更高的人体健康风险;增量终生致癌风险结果表明,污染天致癌风险高于优良天,成人呼吸暴露风险高于儿童,在研究区域内不同污染水平下健康风险属于可接受水平（<1×10^-6）.     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)⁻¹, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.     

燃煤电厂烟道气“生化出水法脱硫”工艺研究

利用生化出水的碱度吸收二氧化硫，去除率高，能耗低，不产生二次污染，根据燃煤民厂的特点，又做以下强化研究，一．吸收液用碳酸钙粉中和后再次吸收，处理能力可提高２．５倍以上，二．吸收液中灰渣，既解决中渣耗水和结垢问题及又使二者都得到中和．三，生化过程投中碳酸钙粉可提高碱度８０％以上，强化后工艺的运行和投资费用较低。     

An innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for the treatment of decentralized wastewater

This article reports an innovative integrated system utilizing solar energy as power for decentralized wastewater treatment, which consists of an oxidation ditch with double channels and a photovoltaic (PV) system without a storage battery. Because the system operates without a storage battery, which can reduce the cost of the PV system, the solar radiation intensity affects the amount of power output from the PV system. To ensure that the power output is sufficient in all different weather conditions, the solar radiation intensity of 78 W/m 2 with 95% confidence interval was defined as a threshold of power output for the PV system according to the monitoring results in this study, and a step power output mode was used to utilize the solar energy as well as possible. The oxidation ditch driven by the PV system without storage battery ran during the day and stopped at night. Therefore, anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions could periodically appear in the oxidation ditch, which was favorable to nitrogen and phosphate removal from the wastewater. The experimental results showed that the system was efficient, achieving average removal efficiencies of 88% COD, 98% NH 4 + -N, 70% TN and 83% TP, under the loading rates of 140 mg COD/(g MLSS·day), 32 mg NH 4 + -N/(g MLSS·day), 44 mg TN/(g MLSS·day) and 5 mg TP/(g MLSS·day).     

To take a clean technology as a strategy for pollution control in industry

A clean technology in thermal power station by adding of limestone into coal for getting the co-melted compounds was studied. Comparing with conventional technology, the quantity of ash discharged is decreased from 85% to 15%, the water consumption is 80% less than traditional method. The slag discharged could be used as raw materials for cement and bricks. In addition, the SO2 content is decreased as well.     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

我国日用玻璃行业碳排放特征及减排措施

玻璃行业是我国能源消耗和碳排放量较大的行业之一,为分析占玻璃行业30%以上产量的日用玻璃行业的碳排放特征,本文基于排放系数法对2015—2020年行业碳排放量进行了核算,在此基础上,提出了相应的碳减排措施. 结果表明:我国日用玻璃行业碳排放量由2015年的2 617.04×104 t逐步降至2020年的2 149.95×104 t,且随着行业技术进步、清洁燃料的推广使用,单位产品碳排放量不断下降;从排放构成看,行业碳排放主要包括化石燃料燃烧产生的直接排放和外购电力及热力产生的间接排放,其排放量占排放总量的88.75%~92.27%,原料碳酸盐分解产生的过程排放相对较少,占比为7.73%~11.25%. 研究显示,降低日用玻璃生产过程中的能源消耗是减少碳排放的重要方向,调整能源结构、提高能源利用效率和优化原料结构是减少碳排放的主要措施.      

粉煤灰固结技术及应用研究

为防治火电厂贮灰扬尘污染对粉煤灰固结技术进行了试验研究，目前已研制出２个系列的粉煤灰固结剂，固结后的抗压强度都在１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２以上，最高达７０ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２，水稳系数和冻稳系数都在０．９０－１．００，该项技术具有抑尘效果好，保持时间长，治理成本低，原料来源广泛，施工工艺简单和易于推广等特点，它可用于正在使用的灰场（包括中转灰场，碾压灰场）和贮满灰的灰场治理扬尘，还可用于灰场防渗和灰坝加固。     

不同环境材料对Pb、Cd污染土壤的淋溶效应

为了探索环境材料对土壤中重金属的去除效果,采用土柱淋溶方法研究了不同环境材料（腐植酸HA、高分子材料SAP、粉煤灰FM及沸石FS）对污染土壤（单一Pb污染土壤、单一Cd污染土壤和Pb-Cd复合污染土壤）中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）的淋溶效应。结果表明：添加不同环境材料处理的淋出液pH值呈现先上升后降低再上升的趋势,均为弱碱性。添加FM和复合N1（HA+SAP+FM+FS）、N2（HA+SAP+FM）处理淋出液的电导率（EC）明显高于其他。FM和复合N1、N2对单一Pb污染土壤中Pb达到显著固定作用;单一Cd污染土壤中,添加单一SAP处理所淋溶出的Cd量小于CK（未加任何环境材料）,淋溶出的Cd量为CK的63.68%,对Cd起到一定的固定作用;Pd-Cd复合污染土壤中,HA对Pb达到显著固定作用,淋出Pb量仅为CK的40.6%。SAP及复合N3对Cd的固定作用明显,淋溶出的Cd量分别为CK的55.32%、78.13%。可见,采用的环境材料对重金属淋溶能起到一定的抑制作用。