粉煤灰固结技术及应用研究

为防治火电厂贮灰场扬尘污染对粉煤灰固技术进行了试验研究。目前已研制出２个系列的粉煤灰固结剂,固结后的抗压强度都在１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２以上,最高达７０ｋｇ／ｃｍ２;水稳系数和冻稳系数都在０．９０—１．００。该项技术具有抑尘效果好、保持时间长、治理成本低、原料来源广泛、施工工艺简单和易于推广等待点。它可用于正在使用的灰场（包括中转灰场、碾压灰场）和贮满灰的灰场治理扬尘,还可用于灰场防渗和灰坝加固。     

三峡库区开县水土流失及其治理

三峡库区的开县水土流失面积已达３０４３．４１ｋｍ＾２，占员的７６．７％，年侵蚀模模数灰３０６０ｔ／ｋｍ＾２，是长江上游平均侵蚀模数５００ｔ／ｋｍ＾２的６倍，水土流失程度属长江上游高强度区域；年均含沙量高达４．６ｋｇ／ｍ＾３，每年从小江流走泥沙１５８５万ｔ，相当于每年有１０．５万亩土地的２０ｃｍ厚的表土被冲走。本文在分析开县水土流失原因的基础上，针对开县水土流失发生状况和特点，提出了采取生物措施，工     

高倍吸水树脂抑尘剂的研究

介绍发以淀粉接枝丙烯酸盐高倍吸水树脂溶胶研制技术，并对其抑尘效果进行了实验室和现场应用试验，结果表明，当在路面喷洒此种抑尘剂（喷洒量为２．０ｋｇ／ｍ＾２）时，扬尘浓度达到国家二级标准的有效抑尘时间约为８天，为在一定程度起到养路的作用，此种抑尘剂也可推广应用于城市公路建设的路面防尘，各类粉体物料堆放场防尘等领域。     

卫生填埋场伊-灰复合土防渗层抗渗性能现场模拟试验研究

以伊（伊利土）－灰（粉煤灰）复合土和普通粘土作为对比进行了卫生填埋场防渗层抗渗性能现场模拟试验,防渗层密度１．８ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,模拟降水强度１．７－２．１ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ,试验结果表明：伊－灰复合土防渗层在抗渗性能上明显优于普通粘土防渗层;模拟降水发生后,卫生填埋场的渗滤液发生期可长达２５ｄ左右,８０５的渗滤液发生于前２／５时段。     

厌氧消化反应器进行条件的选择

研究了ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺中ＵＢＦ段的几个运行参数，在３５℃，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５５４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１２１４ｍｇ／Ｌ，有要容积负荷率７．５５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，运行最佳。其ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９３．９％，产气率为０．６４ｍ＾３（气）／为５．４６ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９１．４％。并气率为０．５９ｍ＾３（气）／去除率ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ），ＣＨ４含量为５７．５％，两者出水ＰＨ均     

颗粒物捕集器在港口疏浚监测中的应用

颗粒物捕集器技术首次应用到港口疏浚监测中，通过对现场疏浚悬浮颗粒物的监测以及对生物的急性半致死浓度的模拟实验研究，建立了一套较完整的疏浚监测系统和技术，可以更有效和直观地反映疏浚过程中对养殖海区生物的影响。现场调查和实验结果表明：在疏浚区和养殖区交界处疏浚悬浮物在海水表面的垂直通量为１２．６８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ），中层为２５．４１ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ）；在养殖中心区表层为７．５８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２     

棉浆粕综合废水的生物处理研究

浆粕厂在生产粘胶纤维原料时产生的有机废水，其组分较为复杂，废水治理具有一定的技术难度。采用水解酸化－好氧法与传统活性污泥法两种方案对棉浆粕生产综合废水进行生物处理的平行对照表明，驯化活性污泥可有效地去除废水中易生物降解的有机物。娄浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度在（１２００～１８００）ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷（１．８～２．８）ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除     

微电解杀藻研究

研究表明，用杀藻器进行微电解杀灭湖泊中藻类的效果显著，当进水流量１ｍ＾３／ｈ，电流密度为８．９－１１．８ｍＡ／ｃｍ６２以及当进水流量０．５ｍ＾３／ｈ，电流密度在５．９－８．９ｍＡ＝ｃｍ＾２时，杀藻效果均极好，明显破坏藻类细胞中叶绿体的结构，使藻类的光合使用明显减弱。     

厌氧-水解反应器稳定运行的试验研究

采用造纸废水对厌氧水－水解反应器的启动、运行进行试验研究。结果表明，当ＭＬＶＳＳ在１５ｇ／Ｌ左右，ＣＯＤ容积负荷为１．４５ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），水力负荷为２．０ｍ＾３／（ｍ＾２·ｈ），水国停留时间为４ｈ，污泥颗粒化程度较高，反应器运行效果稳定可靠。     

粉煤灰淋溶液中的有害物质对地下水污染的试验研究

粉煤灰中有害物质对土壤的影响试验表明，０．３ｍ的土层对粉煤灰淋溶水中ｐＨ值、Ｆ＾－、全盐量和总碱度有很强的吸附能力，如ｐＨ值的吸附中和量为３．７￣４０，Ｆ＾－吸附率达８７．４％，总盐量的吸附率达７０．９７％，碱度吸附率达９４．３％￣９６．４％，Ｃｒ＾６＋吸附能力较弱。由于贮灰场附近土层远大于０．３ｍ，因此粉煤灰淋溶水不会对地下水产生污染。     

Plant canopies: bio-monitor and trap for re-suspended dust particulates contaminated with heavy metals

Urban and peri-urban vegetation is being considered for air pollution abatement. Appropriate plants with efficiency to adsorb and absorb air-pollutants are the prerequisite for green space development. The contributions of surface morphology towards plant’s ability to function as dust particulate adsorber and distribution of trace elements over the leaves are investigated in the present study. Dust interception efficiency was estimated for two roadside plant species named Ficus benghalensis, and Polyalthia longifolia. Leaves of both the plants are capable of capturing dust in the range of 0.12 mg/cm² to 1.89 mg/cm² on either of the leaf surfaces. However, variation in dust capturing capacity between the plants was observed. Leaf surface characters such as roughness, length, frequency of trichomes and frequency of stomata played a significant role in capturing re-suspended dust. Frequency (2 to 4 per 0.0004 cm²) and length (152.5 to 92.1 cm) of trichome showed negative co-relation trend, where as frequency and size of stomata showed positive co-relation trend. Elemental analysis by Scanning Electron Microscope attached with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (SEMEDS) indicated the presence of elements such as Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Chlorine (Cl), Pottasium (K), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Arsenic (As). The results support the fact that plant canopies can be used for mitigation and bio-monitoring of air pollution as well.     

Alkaline ameliorants increase nitrous oxide emission from acidified black soil in Northeastern China

Lime and plant ash are common management used to achieve optimum pH for plant growth and improve soil properties in agricultural soils. Laboratory incubation was conducted to assess N₂0 emissions as influenced by different soil amendments (lime and plant ash) in a slightly acidic arable soil (pH 5.34). The experimental treatments consisted of CK, lime and plant ash fertilized with NH₄⁺-N or N0₃^?-N as nitrogen resource. The results show that lime and plant ash dramatically increases the soil pH and N₂0 emission. For N0₃^?-N fertilization, the cumulative N₂0 emissions from CK, lime and ash are 421, 1669 and 921 μg N₂0-N/kg, respectively. For NH₄⁺-N fertilization, the cumulative N₂0 emissions from CK, lime and ash are 361, 576 and 559 μg N₂0-N/kg, respectively. N0₃^?-N addition leads to more N₂0 emission than that of NH₄⁺-N addition, and lime increases more N₂0 emission than that of plant ash. After incubation, N0₃^?-N content decreased largely. The findings suggested that alkaline ameliorants increase N₂0 emissions due to enhancement of soil denitrification.     

Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide on mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of hydrogen peroxide on Arizona test dust and two types of authentic Chinese mineral dusts, i.e., Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang calciferous dust, were investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The uptake coefficients were measured as a function of the initial concentration of H_2O_2 from 2.6 × 10~(11) to 1.2 × 10~(12)molecules/cm~3, and the temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was investigated over a range from 253 to 313 K. The concentration of H_2O_2 showed little effect on the uptake coefficients of these heterogeneous processes. As a function of temperature, the initial uptake coefficients decrease with increasing temperature, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of Arizona test dust and Inner Mongolia desert dust increase with increasing temperature. Implications for the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples were also discussed.     

农村多水塘系统景观结构对非点源污染中氮截留效应的影响

多水塘系统在滞留和降解农业面源污染中发挥着巨大作用.不同景观结构特征的多水塘系统对农业面源污染的截留率也存在差异.本文针对多水塘系统的功能及特点,选择4个不同景观结构的小流域作为研究区域,分析降雨前后多水塘系统水环境的变化特征及其对氮元素的截留情况,并揭示其截留率与水塘系统景观结构之间的关系.结果表明:(1)雨前水塘水体中总氮(TN)浓度的变化范围在1. 32～6. 32 mg·L~(-1)之间,雨后TN质量浓度增加到2. 8～16. 99 mg·L~(-1)之间,其中,硝氮(NO_3~--N)占TN的质量分数为20%～74%;(2)多水塘系统对TN、NO_3~--N和氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的平均截留率分别为50. 09%、48. 71%和52. 75%;(3)小流域1中的水塘系统对氮的截留率最低,平均次降水过程中小流域2中的水塘系统对氮的截留量最低,仅为56. 10kg,远低于小流域4中水塘系统对氮的截留量324. 43kg;(4)多水塘系统对氮的截留率受到水塘个数、面积及水塘与水塘之间沟渠密度的影响,其中沟渠密度对氮截留率的影响最大.本研究结果可为农村多水塘系统的管理及规划提供科学依据.     

Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Knudsen cell and smog chamber study of the heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of sulfur dioxide on two types of Chinese mineral dust（Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang sierozem） were investigated using both Knudsen cell and smog chamber system. The temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was studied over a range from 253 to 313 K using the Knudsen cell reactor, the initial uptake coefficients decreased with the increasing of temperature for these two mineral dust samples, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of the Xinjiang sierozem increased with the temperature increasing, and these temperature dependence functions were obtained for the first time. In the smog chamber experiments at room temperature, the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 decreased evidently with the increasing of sulfur dioxide initial concentration from 1.72 × 1012 to 6.15 × 1012mol/cm3. Humid air had effect on the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 onto Inner Mongolia desert dust.Consequences about the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples and the environmental implication were also discussed.     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶甲烷排放研究

为了解我国生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业期间的甲烷排放情况,采用DM(Default Methodology)模型、LandGEM(Landfill Gas Emission Model)模型与静态箱法模拟和测试计算了杭州市天子岭生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶1h的甲烷排放量,结果分别为3.65×103m3、1.52×103m3和1.11×103m3;与DM模型相比,LandGEM模型的模拟结果与现场测试结果更接近.生活垃圾填埋场在填埋作业台阶运行期间(约2年)产生的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的50%,而填埋气体主动收集系统收集率仅为43%,即在此期间未被收集利用而排放的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的29%.因此,调控填埋作业期间的甲烷排放是我国控制生活垃圾填埋场甲烷排放总量的关键之一.     

Coupling mechanism of activated carbon mixed with dust for flue gas desulfurization and denitrification

To clarify the effect of coking dust, sintering dust and fly ash on the activity of activated carbon for various industrial flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, the coupling mechanism of the mixed activated carbon and dust was investigated to provide theoretical reference for the stable operation. The results show that coking dust had 34% desulfurization efficiency and 10% denitrification efficiency; correspondingly, sintering dust and fly ash had no obvious desulfurization and denitrification activities. For the mixture of activated carbon and dust, the coking dust reduced the desulfurization and denitrification efficiencies by blocking the pores of activated carbon, and its inhibiting effect on activated carbon was larger than its own desulfurization and denitrification activity. The sintering dust also reduced the desulfurization efficiency on the activated carbon while enhancing the denitrification efficiency. Fly ash blocked the pores of activated carbon and reduced its reaction activity. The reaction activity of coking dust mainly came from the surface functional groups, similar to that of activated carbon. The reaction activity of sintering dust mainly came from the oxidative property of Fe₂O₃, which oxidized NO to NO₂ and promoted the fast selectively catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO to form N₂. Sintering dust was activated by the joint action of activated carbon, and both had a coupling function. Sintering dust enhanced the adsorption and oxidation of NO, and activated carbon further promoted the reduction of NO_x by NH₃; thus, the denitrification efficiency increased by 5%-7% on the activated carbon.     

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .