三峡水库入库支流水体中营养盐季节变化及输出

三峡水库成库后,对三峡水库13条主要支流入库断面有机物、营养盐、生物量含量季节变化进行了初步研究.结果表明,支流高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）含量季节间差异较大.高锰酸盐指数范围为0.20～5.91 mg·L^-1,COD含量范围4.06～30.2 mg·L^-1,TN含量范围为0.542～7.44 mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N含量范围0.034～2.83 mg·L^-1,TP含量范围为0.010～0.449 mg·L^-1,Chl-a值范围为1.02～128 mg·m^-3.支流受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分支流富营养化的限制因子为P.除苎溪河外,其余支流Chl-a含量较低,仅为贫-中营养水平.双因子方差分析表明,营养因子在时间、空间分布上均有不同程度差异.利用相关分析方法,分析了叶绿素a与营养盐之间的关系,叶绿素a与有机物、营养盐都呈显著正相关关系.支流营养盐、有机物输出负荷主要受流量控制,表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期. 13条支流不同季节排放COD、高锰酸盐指数、NH⁺₄-N、TN和TP范围分别为1 772～6 701、 380～1 875、 40.1～172、 249～922和9.97～50.5　g·s^-1.三峡水库支流有机物、营养盐的排放应引起关注.     

太湖苕溪流域氮磷的生物学阈值评估

水体富营养化与氮、磷含量过高密切相关,本研究从悬浮、底栖叶绿素a限值及其与氮、磷的响应关系入手,选择干、支流清晰的太湖苕溪流域作为研究区域,建立河道氮磷阈值评估方法. 90个点位的监测数据表明,苕溪流域总氮污染超标比例高;悬浮叶绿素a与总氮、总磷存在显著相关性,而底栖叶绿素a只与总氮存在显著相关性,与总磷的相关性不显著;根据回归分析、El-Shaarawi经验方程,以及对应的目前公认的悬浮叶绿素a和底栖叶绿素a的限制值(悬浮叶绿素a≤ 5 μg·L^-1,底栖叶绿素≤100 mg·m^-2),苕溪流域干流和支流的总氮阈值相差较大,支流(1.3 mg·L^-1)大于干流(0.9 mg·L^-1),总磷阈值相差不大,约为0.05 mg·L^-1.干、支流有区分的氮磷阈值的限定有利于改善苕溪河流整体水质,对其他类似苕溪、支流较多的河流面源污染控制同样具有借鉴意义.     

混合营养方式下Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对微藻生长和养分去除的影响

由于传统畜禽养殖废水处理方式存在不足,基于微藻的水污染控制技术受到越来越多的关注.以斜生栅藻为研究对象,探究了在混合 营养方式下,六价铬（Cr₂O₇^2-,0~4.0 mg·L^-1）胁迫对微藻生长及有机物（COD）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和总磷（TP）去除的影响.结果表明：Cr（Ⅵ）对斜生栅藻的半数抑制浓度（EC50）为1.7 mg·L^-1 ,当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度较低（0.5 mg·L^-1）、暴露时间较短（≤36 h）时,斜生栅藻的生长和养分去除几乎不受 影响;此外,Cr（Ⅵ）胁迫对斜生栅藻生物量和氮、磷的去除影响较大,对COD的去除影响较小.当Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为4.0 mg·L^-1时,微藻生物质产率降低了82.5%,叶绿素含量降低了62.5%,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除率分别降低了27.3%、48.0%和38.6%;斜生栅藻细胞表面的羟基、氨基和 羧基有利于缓解Cr（VI）对藻细胞的毒害作用,0~4.0 mg·L^-1 Cr（Ⅵ）作用下,96 h藻细胞内的铬积累量为0.9~3.8 mg·g^-1.     

低温期浅水湖泊氮的分布及无机氮扩散通量:以白洋淀为例

本文以我国华北地区最大的浅水湖泊白洋淀为研究对象,探究其低温期沉积物-水界面无机氮的分布特征,分析沉积物孔隙水中无机氮扩散通量对上覆水水质的影响.结果表明,低温期白洋淀表层水总氮（TN）平均浓度范围为4.83~8.23 mg·L^-1,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）平均浓度维持在0.21~0.34 mg·L^-1之间,硝氮（NO₃^--N）平均浓度在0.01~2.75 mg·L^-1之间.TN污染较严重,超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准.表层沉积物TN平均含量在681~4365 mg·kg^-1之间,其中有机氮（TON）为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例61.6%~93.1%.NH₄⁺-N为无机氮（TIN）的主要存在形式,平均含量范围为28.9~116.3 mg·kg^-1,NO₃^--N含量整体较低,平均值范围为5.2~23.7mg·kg^-1.低温期白洋淀0~30 cm沉积物孔隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度是上覆水中的3~16倍,呈现逐渐累积趋势.沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N扩散通量范围分别为-0.55~4.09、-1.44~3.67和-0.88~0.04 mg·（m²·d）^-1,冬季低温期仍具有潜在释放风险.低温期沉积物中积累大量的NH₄⁺-N,可能会在温度升高后影响白洋淀上覆水体水质.因此研究低温期白洋淀沉积物-水界面氮的分布特征和沉积物中无机氮的内源释放风险对于改善白洋淀水质和认识浅水湖泊内源氮污染具有重要意义.     

三峡水库支流回水区营养状态季节变化

三峡水库成库后,对三峡水库13条主要支流回水区有机物、营养盐、生物量含量季节变化进行了初步研究.结果表明,支流高锰酸盐指数、化学耗氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）含量季节间差异较大.高锰酸盐指数范围为0.20～9.61　mg·L^-1,COD含量范围4.58～42.0　mg·L^-1,TN含量范围为0.601～10.1　mg·L^-1,NH⁺₄-N含量范围0.044～6.82　mg·L^-1,TP含量范围为0.011～0.756　mg·L^-1,Chl-a值范围为2.0～161　mg·m^-3.支流回水区受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分支流富营养化的限制因子为P.双因子方差分析表明,营养因子在时间、空间分布上均有不同程度差异.回水区Chl-a含量高于上游区,季节分布有丰水期>平水期>枯水期.Chl-a与COD、高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP呈显著正相关关系.利用综合营养状态指数法评价了回水区富营养化程度,综合营养指数范围在35～72,所有支流达到中营养以上水平,不同季节营养状态表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期.支流回水区富营养化程度较成库前严重,该区域水体富营养化应引起重视.     

2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

MBR-RO组合工艺深度处理高碳高氮废水的研究

采用A/O-MBR/RO工艺深度处理模拟高碳高氮废水,考察了不同进水的COD/N对有机物和氨氮去除效果的影响,并且 深入考察反渗透膜的污染特性结果表明,A/O-MBR能够实现95.6％的有机污染物去除率,反渗透的出水水质指标TOC<0.9mg·^-1、TN<12.65mg·L^-1、总硬度<0.038 mol·L、总碱度<14.6mg·L^-1,达到了城镇污水回用级标准.COD/N对有机物去除率影响不大,但影响总氮的脱除过程当COD/N的平均值为10.2时,总氮的去除主要通过好氧区内同步硝化反硝化过程完成,总氮的平均去除率为89.4％;当COD/N的平均值为7.1、5.6时,总氮的去除主要通过传统的硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化共同完成,总氮的平均去除率分别为72％、74％通过扫描电镜观察了反渗透膜污染的状态,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱测定了膜污染物质的红外吸收光谱,指出膜污染的主要污染物是A/O-MBR出水中的溶解性微生物产物     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能及微生物群落的影响

为考察有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能的影响,采用MPN（most probable number）法和高通量测序技术,结合处理效果数据,对比分析了有无有机物影响下生物膜中微生物群落差异.试验表明：在进水有机物（COD）为30和60 mg·L^-1作用下,总氮去除率与进水COD为0 mg·L^-1时的84.10%相比较分别提高了5.08%和10.41%;COD为90 mg·L^-1时,总氮去除率降至89.05%.由MPN法和高通量测序结果可知,相对于无有机物,60 mg·L^-1有机物使反应器中反硝化菌数量增加,浮霉菌门和变形菌门丰度明显提高,且微生物群落更加丰富.有机物能影响反应器中厌氧氨氧化、反硝化脱氮效能及微生物菌落丰度,适宜的有机物浓度可使厌氧氨氧化与反硝化作用有效耦合,提高反应器的脱氮效能.本研究可为厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器处理含有机物的实际污水提供参考价值.     

生活污水预沉淀-SNAD颗粒污泥工艺小试

采用人工配水,在SBR反应器中启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化（SNAD）颗粒污泥工艺,随后逐渐降低进水氨氮浓度,低氨氮稳定运行一段时间后通入预沉淀后生活污水,考察SNAD颗粒污泥工艺处理生活污水的脱氮性能及稳定性.结果表明,SNAD工艺启动成功后,氨氮去除率大于98%,总氮去除率在89%左右,随着进水氨氮浓度逐渐降低,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性升高,总氮去除率逐渐下降至75%左右.通入预沉淀生活污水（NH₄⁺-N 52~63 mg·L^-1,COD 99~123 mg·L^-1）后,平均总氮去除率为73.2%,出水COD浓度在35 mg·L^-1以下,最大出水氨氮和总氮浓度为0.7 mg·L^-1和12.8 mg·L^-1,连续30d以上出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,实现了生活污水碳氮同步高效去除的目的.     

DO浓度对生活污水硝化过程中N2Ｏ产生量的影响

为确定污水脱氮过程中最优的DO浓度和曝气方式,以提高污水处理效率,降低N₂Ｏ产生量,采用实际生活污水应用小试SBR反应器,重点考察了不同DO浓度条件下,硝化效率和硝化过程中N₂Ｏ的产生量.结果表明,当DO浓度恒定为0.4 mg·L^-1时,虽然硝化过程所消耗的能量最低,但其氨氮氧化的速率较低.提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率可随之升高.低氨氮生活污水硝化过程中仍有N₂Ｏ产生.DO浓度为0.4 mg·L^-1 和0.9 mg·L^-1时,污水N₂Ｏ产生量(以N计)分别为1.5 mg·L^-1和1.6 mg·L^-1;而DO浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1和2.0 mg·L^-1时,N₂Ｏ产生量则分别降低至0.5 mg·L^-1和0.4 mg·L^-1.当DO浓度高于1.5 mg·L^-1后,继续提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率升高的速率变缓,同时N₂Ｏ产生量大幅降低.因此,从提高污水脱氮效率节能降耗和控制N₂Ｏ产生量2个角度考虑,生活污水脱氮过程中控制DO浓度在1.5 mg·L^-1较为适宜.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.