主减速器橡胶密封圈性能衰减模型及日历寿命评估

目的 构建主减速器橡胶密封圈储存/装机条件下的性能衰减模型,评估其实际储存日历寿命、储存/装机条件下的折算系数。方法 将功能结构件实际尺寸（实际装配、初始轴向厚度和压缩时轴向厚度）、实际生产产品尺寸和安全裕度相结合,确定橡胶密封件的失效判据。对实际使用的FX-4、FX-17橡胶密封圈2种初始压缩率的装机状态下进行5个温度点的加速老化试验,测定2种橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率的老化指标参数,利用回归分析得到相应的衰减模型,结合实际储存13a的橡胶密封圈的压缩永久变形率进行检验,确定储存/装机条件下的折算系数。结果 以25%为失效判据,橡胶密封圈储存年限可达19.8 a。结论 为了保证使用安全和外场计算方便,FX-4密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存2 a,FX-17密封圈装机使用1 a相当于储存3 a。     

FX-4氟橡胶的老化行为研究

目的 研究FX-4氟橡胶在不同工况条件下的老化行为,为工程实践中科学评估装备使用寿命提供依据。方法 基于某装备对FX-4氟橡胶材料的使用要求,设计5种模拟工作状态条件的老化试验,通过观测样品外观形貌、力学、化学结构、打压密封等性能变化,研究FX-4氟橡胶在不同温度、不同介质和不同应变作用下的老化行为。结果 经过9 000 h老化试验,FX-4氟橡胶的压缩永久变形表现出明显增加的趋势,且增长速率呈现出先增大、再放缓、随后再次增大的变化规律。分解温度由508℃提升为520℃左右,表面结晶度和内部结晶度由61.7%分别下降为37%和48%左右,表明老化损伤由样品表面逐渐向内部扩展。分子结构没有发生根本改变,打压密封功能良好。结论 经过9 000 h老化试验后,FX-4氟橡胶出现不同程度的性能老化,但仍具备良好的密封性能,可正常使用。     

润滑油中橡胶5880耐老化性能研究

为了掌握润滑油中橡胶5880制品耐受情况,并进行寿命评估.采用加速老化方法,针对压缩和自由放置两种状态,分别测试分析橡胶5880在润滑油和热空气中20％恒定压缩永久变形率、拉伸强度、拉断永久变形、拉断伸长率等基本性能随时间和温度的老化衰减规律.无论是热空气还是润滑油中,橡胶5880的拉伸强度和拉断永久变形指标对热老化不敏感,无法定量表征寿命和性能之间关系,而压缩永久变形率和拉断伸长率基本符合时温等效原理.总体上,润滑油中因为屏蔽氧气,橡胶5880性能衰减更慢.同时采用指数型性能-时间衰减规律和Arrhenius公式定量描述了橡胶5880性能-时间-温度之间的关系,推算润滑油中橡胶5880密封制品的寿命约为5 a,其他不受力制品的寿命将大于25 a.     

某型直升机主减速器橡胶密封圈老化机理分析

目的揭示某型直升机主减速器橡胶密封圈的老化机理。方法根据直升机主减速器橡胶密封圈正常使用和库存环境条件,采用加速老化试验方法模拟橡胶密封圈在库存条件下的老化历程,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TG/TGA)等方法对加速老化后的橡胶密封圈理化性能进行测试,并选取某型主减速器库存13年的橡胶密封圈及大修拆下的橡胶密封圈进行相关测试。结果 FX-4和FX-17密封胶圈在热空气老化试验过程中聚合物基团变化一致,F元素和O元素的电子结合能几乎没有变化。结论老化前后橡胶中各键的化学结构没有发生明显变化,FX-17胶料的耐温性略好于FX-4胶料。     

氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究

目的 对氟醚橡胶FM-2D在空气与飞马Ⅱ号润滑油中的热老化行为与机理进行研究。方法 开展氟醚橡胶高温贮存试验,在热氧、热油的介质环境下,研究氟醚橡胶的力学性能退化规律。试验后对样品的拉伸性能、压缩性能以及硬度进行检测,并且利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜以及X射线电子能谱对试验后样品进行检测。结果 通过热老化试验,发现氟醚橡胶在200℃以下能够长期维持较好的力学性能。试验温度在200℃以上,氟醚橡胶的力学性能出现明显退化趋势,并且在热空气与热油中的老化趋势不同。在220℃的热空气老化31 d后,氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降27.0%,断裂伸长率增大89.8%,压缩应力松弛率为34.6%,硬度下降8.7%。在220℃的热油老化31 d后,氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降85.9%,断裂伸长率下降83.9%,压缩应力松弛率为-17.5%,硬度上升4.2%。结论 在热空气老化过程中,橡胶分子链受热氧影响发生断裂,使其强度下降;在热油老化过程中,油介质和高温的耦合作用使橡胶的交联网络失效,橡胶发硬变脆。     

某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈热氧老化试验与寿命评估

目的 研究某型装备用硅橡胶密封圈在温度影响下的性能退化规律,并进行寿命评估。方法 采用热氧老化加速试验方法,试验过程中模拟橡胶密封圈径向承压状态,通过强化温度试验条件,在90、100、110、120 ℃条件下对硅橡胶密封圈进行加速老化试验。以压缩永久变形率作为参数,对试验后的性能检测数据进行分析与处理,结合Arrhenius模型,以硅橡胶(径压)密封圈压缩永久变形率分别达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%为密封圈失效临界值指标,外推常温25 ℃时硅橡胶密封圈寿命。结果 加速老化试验后,硅橡胶密封圈的压缩变形率逐渐下降,且温度越高,其压缩变形率下降越快。硅橡胶(径压)密封圈在25 ℃条件下,压缩永久变形率达到10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的贮存寿命分别为1、2.9、5.6、9.1、13.8 a。结论 温度是造成硅橡胶密封圈性能退化的因素之一。文中的试验方法和数据处理方法能有效评估〇型密封圈的寿命。     

氟橡胶密封材料热氧老化试验与寿命评估

对氟橡胶密封材料进行了热氧加速老化试验,对老化试验前后材料压缩永久变形量与红外光谱进行了分析,结果表明,老化引起材料内部的分子结构变化。建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃下氟橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命,结果表明,氟橡胶在热氧条件下,失效机理为分子断裂和交联;非正常老化因素引起的变形对氟橡胶密封圈的性能影响很大;氟橡胶密封件在25℃下的贮存寿命为13.8 a。     

丁腈橡胶密封圈高温老化行为——自由状态和承压状态

目的研究丁腈橡胶密封圈自由状态和承压状态下的高温老化行为。方法以拉伸强度和拉断伸长率为参数,对各温度下的老化行为进行表征和分析。结果 70℃条件下机械应力大大加快了橡胶密封件拉伸强度的下降速率,以致试验64 d时拉伸强度甚至比110℃时还低,拉断伸长率的下降速率也明显加快了;90℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度的下降有一定的促进作用,但对拉断伸长率的变化基本无影响;110℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度和拉断伸长率均没有明显的影响。结论机械应力在较低温度下可以显著促进丁腈橡胶密封圈热氧老化,高温条件下促进作用不明显。     

某型导弹橡胶密封件剩余贮存寿命预测

目的评估预测某型进口导弹的橡胶密封件剩余贮存寿命。方法通过质谱、红外光谱和能谱等理化分析方法确定橡胶密封件主体材质,通过热重分析确定热老化试验温度条件,设计压缩工装模拟弹体实际密封结构,开展4个温度条件下的加速热老化试验。结果材质分析确定橡胶密封件为丁苯橡胶,热老化试验获取了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程。结论 25℃条件下该橡胶密封件的剩余贮存寿命为5.8年。     

基于性能参数退化的某弹用O型橡胶密封圈贮存寿命评估

目的研究某弹用O型橡胶密封圈的性能参数退化规律,并准确预测其贮存寿命。方法设计4个不同温度下的恒定应力加速退化试验,记录每个温度下不同时间点的性能退化数据,根据退化参数利用高分子材料性能变化与退化时间关系式及阿伦尼乌斯(Arrhenius)方程,建立O型橡胶密封圈压缩永久变形率与贮存时间的老化动力学方程。结果对照当地各个季节的平均温度值,建立了寿命评估模型,并由此预测了该型密封圈在自然环境贮存条件下的失效寿命在8年左右。结论该寿命评估值比较接近实际测量值,精度良好,可为O型橡胶密封圈在自然贮存条件下的寿命评估提供有价值的参考依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.