重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

污水处理系统微生物群落时空分布和构建机制研究进展

探索微生物群落时空分布和构建机制一直是环境微生物生态学研究的目标和挑战。近年来,微生物生态学规律和理论逐渐在工程系统中得到应用,分类群-面积关系、分类群-时间关系和距离-衰减效应等规律已在污水处理系统的微生物群落分布中得到验证。随着研究的发展,微生物时空分布研究已从群落分布规律的发现和描述,拓展到驱动群落分布的因素,即群落构建机制的探索。介绍了污水处理系统微生物群落时空分布规律和构建机制的研究进展,并对未来的方向进行了展望,强调了将生态理论和工程实践相结合的重要性。未来应在污水处理系统核心微生物研究、微生物群落的生物多样性、构建机制与污水处理性能的关联、多组学技术在微生物时空分布和构建机制研究中的应用等方面有所突破。     

喹啉为MFC阳极燃料的微生物群落结构演化分析

通过构建填料型微生物燃料电池(MFC),首次对以喹啉为燃料时的MFC阳极表面的微生物群落进行了分析.PCR-DGGE的试验结果表明,随着燃料的改变,微生物群落也发生改变.当以喹啉和葡萄糖的混合溶液稳定地作为燃料时,由于受到喹啉毒性的抑制,微生物多样性降低,优势菌也发生明显的改变.与葡萄糖共基质相比,以单一喹啉为燃料时的阳极微生物优势菌落发生明显改变.新增加一类菌,这类菌与Pseudomonas sp. DIC5RS 的同源性为100%,推测该菌在单一喹啉为MFC燃料时喹啉的降解过程中起到关键作用.     

入海排污口污水微生物群落结构及其影响因素研究进展

入海排污口污水中存在大量微生物,其进入海洋后会对邻近海域的海水水质及海洋生物健康造成巨大威胁。因此,研究入海排污口污水中微生物的群落结构及其影响因素对于了解排污口污水对海洋生态环境的影响具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外不同类型入海排污口微生物的群落结构特征,着重介绍了影响入海排污口微生物群落结构的重要因素,并进一步阐述了排污口污水中微生物对排污口邻近海域的海水水质和海洋生物的影响。     

土壤生态系统微生物多样性技术研究进展

土壤微生物多样性主要研究土壤环境中微生物种群的类别、丰度、分布、结构变化及微生物群落功能的多样性,是土壤生物多样性研究的主体部分。19世纪末,传统的微生物分离培养方法应用于土壤微生物多样性解析。至20世纪70年代,建立了以磷脂脂肪酸图谱分析法(PLFA)和BIOLOG微量分析法为代表的对土壤微生物群落多样性评价的生物化学方法。20世纪90年代后期,随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,建立了变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、末端限制性片段长度多样性(TRFLP)、克隆文库和高通量测序等土壤微生物多样性研究方法。本文综述了土壤微生物多样性研究技术的原理、进展,并对不同技术的优缺点及应用进行探讨,并对相关领域研究提出思考。     

微生物载体对MBBR工艺性能及微生物群落结构的影响

通过选用聚氨酯吸水凝胶(porous polymer carriers, PPC)、聚氨酯海绵(polyurethane, PU)、聚丙烯(polypropylene, PP)3种材质的微生物载体,对分别投加这3种载体的移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)的启动性能、氮去除性能及微生物群落结构进行对比分析。结果表明:在进水氨氮浓度为20 mg/L的情况下,PPC及PU载体表现出较好的挂膜启动性能和氨氮去除性能,出水氨氮平均浓度在5 mg/L左右,而PP载体的出水氨氮平均浓度将近7 mg/L,且去除效果稳定性较差;此外PU载体和PP载体的反硝化效果不理想,出水硝态氮平均浓度分别为6.07,4.87 mg/L,比PPC载体(2.80 mg/L)高出许多。微生物测序结果表明,微生物载体的选择对MBBR工艺微生物群落结构有一定影响,但Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes始终是占比最大的细菌门类。属水平的分析表明PPC载体上存在较高丰度的反硝化Denitratisoma菌属,且PPC载体独特的结构和亲水性有助于营造缺氧环境,提高反应器整体脱氮性能和稳定性。     

厨余垃圾有机肥对土壤微生物活性及功能的影响

为评估厨余垃圾有机肥(OFK)的肥效和安全性,在土壤中添加1%、 3%和5%OFK进行土壤培养试验,动态测定土壤理化性质、酶活性、微生物量碳以及微生物群落组成,并对微生物功能进行预测.结果表明,添加OFK后,土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、 NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量较对照分别提高了23.80%～35.13%、 13.29%～29.72%、 16.91%～39.37%、 164.7%～340.2%、28.56%～32.71%;与碳、氮、磷循环的相关水解酶如α-葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶和酸性磷酸酶等酶类活性也显著高于对照.OFK刺激了土壤微生物生长,提高了微生物量碳含量.扩增子测序结果表明,不同处理土壤微生物群落结构在纲和属水平均有显著变化;在属水平上,土壤中有益菌相对丰度增加,植物病原菌显著降低.RDA结果佐证了添加OFK会显著改变土壤微生物群落结构,并主要受土壤pH、有机质、有效养分和微生物量碳等因素影响.利用PICRUSt和FAPROTAX分析细菌群落功能,结果表明各处理在功能层上表现相似,并...     

重金属Zn对猪粪堆肥过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究.结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量分别为0mg.kg-1,300mg.kg-1,600mg.kg-1,900mg.kg-1）的堆料升温快,在高温期持续时间长,并达到无害化处理,堆料微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类.重金属...     

固定化微生物对低温河水脱氮效果的中试研究

利用微生物净化受污染河水是目前常用的地表水体修复方法,但低温条件下微生物代谢缓慢,酶活性下降,在寒冷季节难以维持对河水的净化效果.本研究采用固定化的方法提高微生物的低温耐受性,通过中试试验考察自然挂膜的固定化微生物、经低温驯化的预挂膜固定化微生物及预挂膜固定化微生物耦合生物促生剂这3种方法对低温河水中COD及氮素类污染物的去除效果.结果表明,在低温条件下3种方法均能有效提升河水的净化效果,静止条件下,河水中COD、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和TN的去除率由分别由21.3%、37.2%、8.5%和6.9%提升至72.3%~77.9%、48.6%~62.7%、35.3%~42.3%和26.2%~31.9%.COD去除率在2~3 cm·s^-1流速下明显优于静止条件,总氮去除率在2 cm·s^-1流速下最高.自然挂膜和预挂膜微生物对河水中污染的去除无明显差别,添加促生剂对固定化微生物的净化作用没有进一步的提升,但功能菌群的微生物群落结构有所不同.促生剂的添加提高了河水中的微生物活性与群落多样性,但对固定化载体上的微生物无明显影响.固定化载体上的优势菌群均为低温下具有脱氮功能的Proteobacteria.此外,具有低温适应性的脱氮功能菌属Rhodoferax、Pedobacter及Pseudomonas在3组固定化载体上均有较高丰度,而自然挂膜的载体上及其河水中分别对Malikia属及hgcI_clade属具有显著特异性的富集（p<0.05）,这两种菌属均具有低温脱氮功能.     

生物滴滤塔中两种优势菌种对高浓度甲苯废气净化对比实验

以陶粒为填料,用分别负载2种单一降解甲苯的优势菌种S1、S2的生物滴滤塔净化高浓度甲苯废气的性能进行对比实验研究,实验结果表明:虽然2种优势菌种同为芽孢杆菌,但是菌种S1在降解能力以及停用后恢复等各项指标中均明显高于菌种S2。当甲苯进口浓度低于5.81 mg/L时,S1菌种的去除率始终保持在90%以上,最高的进口浓度达到10.00 mg/L时,甲苯的去除率也可以达到59.78%。对于S2菌种而言,当最高进口浓度达到5.72 mg/L,甲苯的降解率仅可以达到65.65%。两个滴滤塔在停用后恢复运行时,菌种S1可以在极短的时间内恢复,菌种S2则是规律性的在恢复初期出现降解率最低点,且甲苯降解效率只能恢复到70%~80%。     

SSCP技术分析不同废水处理系统中微生物群落结构

为研究不同废水处理系统中微生物群落结构以及认识群落结构与系统处理效能的关系,采用单链构象多态性技术(SSCP)分别对稳定运行的脱氮除磷反应器(N),中药废水处理反应器(P),啤酒废水处理反应器(W),糖蜜废水发酵制氢反应器(H)以及硫酸盐还原反应器(S)等5种废水处理系统中的微生物群落结构进行了解析.结果表明,处理同种废水且状态均一的反应器中微生物群落结构相似性最大;微生物种群多样性与废水中的有机质复杂性成正相关,中药废水由于含有较复杂的有机质成分,种群多样性最高,而人工配水的处理系统由于营养成分单一,种群多样性较低;与模式群落中微生物SSCP条带比较显示,某些功能微生物类群在整个系统中相对数量并非占优势,发酵产氢菌Ethanologenbacterium sp.在状态良好的制氢反应器中相对含量仅占5%,而脱硫弧菌Desulfovibrio sp.在硫酸盐还原反应器中的相对比例小于1.5%.SSCP指纹图谱技术能够揭示不同处理系统中微生物群落结构的差别,并对这些工艺中的部分功能微生物进行监测,进而为提高反应器的运行效果提供有益的指导.     

Effect of substrate COD/N ratio on performance and microbial community structure of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Two parallel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactors were operated at well-defined conditions to investigate the e ect of substrate COD/N ratios on the performance and microbial community structure of the bioreactor. Results showed that at substrate COD/N of 5, organic and nitrogen could be eliminated simultaneously, and COD removal degree, nitrification and denitrification e ciency reached 85%, 93% and 92%, respectively. With increasing substrate COD/N ratios, the specific oxygen utilization rates of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm were found to decrease, indicating that nitrifying population became less dominant. At substrate COD/N ratio of 6, excessive heterotrophs inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria greatly and thus led to poor nitrification process. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were identified as dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm at substrate COD/N of 0, whereas only Nitrosospira were detected in the biofilm at COD/N ratio of 5. Nitrospira were present as dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in our study. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that at substrate COD/N ratio of 0 nitrifying bacteria existed throughout the biofilm and that at COD/N ratio of 5 they were mainly distributed in the inner layer of biofilm.     

利用PCR-DGGE研究膜生物反应器中微生物的群落结构

使用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(PCR-DGGE)考查了天津某再生水处理厂膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,简称MBR)培养驯化直至正常运行全过程中总细菌群落结构的演替情况.结果表明,在MBR环境中,接种的传统活性污泥中的微生物群落在几天内发生了较大的变化,在进污水驯化时,微生物群落也遭受了冲击,最后经过培养驯化趋于稳定,一些菌种逐渐成长为顶级优势微生物,在反应器内占据主导地位.最终该反应器逐渐形成了自己独有的微生物群落生态系统.另外,对该微生物群落的部分优势总细菌进行了克隆测序和系统发育树分析,通过鉴定获得的10条总细菌的16S rDNA序列,它们分别与气单胞菌属、假单胞菌、亚硝酸菌属、丛毛单胞菌属和杆菌的同源性在97%以上,这些优势微生物在MBR反应器去除有机物的过程中起到了关键的作用.     

板式生物滴滤塔高效净化硫化氢废气的研究

采用营养液分层喷淋、pH分别在线控制(pH 2.5、 4.5、 6.5)的板式生物滴滤塔(plate type-biotrickling filter, PTBTF)净化H₂S废气,考察PTBTF于挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段对H₂S的降解性能.结果表明,PTBTF系统在14 d内即完成挂膜,对浓度为188.6mg·m^-3的H₂S去除率达到100%;在进口浓度100～1000mg·m^-3、空床停留时间(EBRT)28～4 s的条件下,H₂S的去除率可达到99%以上;当H₂S去除率≥90%时, PTBTF系统的最大去除负荷随EBRT(3.3～6 s)的增加而增大,EBRT 6 s的最大去除负荷达到1019.0g·(m³·h)^-1;上、中、下3层填料对H₂S的去除负荷随进口H₂S负荷的波动呈显著变化;通过荧光染色观察填料上的细胞数,发现在挂膜阶段微生物数量增长明显,第125 d上层、中层和下层填料上的菌落数(以干填料计)分别达到了1.29×10⁷、 5.47×10⁸和1.07×10⁹个·g^-1;采用扫描电镜观察填料表面的生物膜,可见上填料层和下填料层的优势菌分别为杆菌和丝状菌;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳初步揭示了系统运行过程中生物群落的演替规律;通过对产物的分析,确定该PTBTF系统降解H₂S后主要产生SO^2-₄和单质硫.     

Microbial community structure in an integrated A/O reactor treating diluted livestock wastewater during start-up period

In order to investigate the correlation between reactor performance and the microorganisms, an integrated A/O reactor was operated for 72 days to treat diluted livestock wastewater. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal e ciency increased from 79% to 94%, with total nitrogen (TN) removal e ciency from 37% to 50% (HRT 7.4 hr) when the influent COD and TN were ca. 1500 mg/L and 95 mg/L, respectively, and the outlet COD concentration was less than 100 mg/L at the end. Microbial community was monitored during start-up period by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA gene. DGGE profiles showed that microbial community had changed significantly during the start-up and these shifts were in accordance with the reactor performance. UPGMA clustering analysis showed that 14 anaerobic samples fell into five main groups and so did the aerobic ones, but the grouping patterns were di erent. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the anaerobic compartment belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiae and Nitrospira were present in the aerobic compartment. In the anaerobic compartment, more fermentative and acetogenic bacteria were detected during the start-up while denitrifying bacteria faded away. Two functional populations such as Nitrospira defluvii and Dechloromonas denitrificans were observed when nitrogen removal was high, indicating that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in the aerobic compartment.     

Continuous desulfurization and bacterial community structure of an integrated bioreactor developed to treat SO2 from a gas stream

Sulfide dioxide(SO2) is often released during the combustion processes of fossil fuels. An integrated bioreactor with two sections, namely, a suspended zone(SZ) and immobilized zone(IZ), was applied to treat SO2 for 6 months. Sampling ports were set in both sections to investigate the performance and microbial characteristics of the integrated bioreactor. SO2 was effectively removed by the synergistic effect of the SZ and IZ, and more than 85%removal efficiency was achieved at steady state. The average elimination capacity of SO2 in the bioreactor was 2.80 g/(m3·hr) for the SZ and 1.50 g/(m3· hr) for the IZ. Most SO2 was eliminated in the SZ. The liquid level of the SZ and the water content ratio of the packing material in the IZ affected SO2 removal efficiency. The SZ served a key function not only in SO2 elimination, but also in moisture maintenance for the IZ. The desired water content in IZ could be feasibly maintained without any additional pre-humidification facilities. Clone libraries of 16 S r DNA directly amplified from the DNA of each sample were constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity in the individual zones.The desulfurization bacteria dominated both zones. Paenibacillus sp. was present in both zones, whereas Ralstonia sp. existed only in the SZ. The transfer of SO2 to the SZ involved dissolution in the nutrient solution and biodegradation by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.This work presents a potential biological treatment method for waste gases containing hydrophilic compounds.     

硫酸盐还原反应器污泥驯化过程中微生物群落变化分析

采用PCR-DGGE技术,对硫酸盐还原反应器UASB污泥驯化过程中微生物群落的变化进行了分析.结果表明,污泥驯化过程中,微生物群落生物多样性与反应器硫酸盐及COD去除率呈明显的正相关,微生物群落Shannon指数大于3.45时,反应器硫酸盐去除率稳定在95%左右;对DGGE图谱中优势条带进行回收克隆并测序表明,污泥中微生物群落主要包含Firmicutes、Proteobacteria、Deinococcus-Thermus和Chloroflexi这4大类群,分别占总数的50.0%、28.6%、14.3%和7.1%;其中厌氧发酵细菌Clostridium sp.在驯化全过程中均占优势,但优势菌群的种类发生变化;厌氧细菌Chloroflexi sp.、Geopsychrobacter sp.等在污泥驯化过程中曾成为优势菌群但之后消亡;厌氧细菌Geobacter sp.则在污泥驯化过程中逐渐成为优势菌群;Desulfovibrio sp.在污泥驯化的最后2个阶段成为优势菌.     

污水处理工艺对微藻及藻际细菌群落的影响

以某啤酒厂活性污泥作为接种物富集对污水有降解作用的微藻与细菌,探讨藻菌共生体在经过不同处理的污水培养基中生长情况及藻菌群落结构的变化.微藻在两个处理组Treat.1（过滤且灭菌污水）和Treat.2（过滤未灭菌污水）中均生长良好;培养20d后,微藻和细菌在不同污水处理组中群落结构与原样相比,发生了显著的变化：随着藻菌在污水培养基中生长,莱茵衣藻和小球藻在Treat.1和Treat.2中成为优势藻类;无色杆菌属unidentified OPB35的相对丰度在两组实验组中均明显增加,溶杆菌在Treat.1和Treat.2中显著减少.藻菌共生体对Treat.1和Treat.2中的化学需氧量（COD）去除率可达到73.7%和67.9%.结果表明,Treat.1和Treat.2中的污水培养基对微藻及细菌的群落结构有显著的影响,但不同处理组中不同藻菌共生体对培养液的COD_Cr去除无明显的区别.     

Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene co-treatment in biofilter: Performance, bacterial populations and bioaerosols emissions

Sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and benzene homologs are frequently present in the off-gas during the process of sewage sludge drying. A laboratory scale biofilter was set up to co-treat SO_2 and o-xylene in the present study. SO_2 and o-xylene could be removed simultaneously in a single biofilter. Their concentration ratio in the inlet stream influenced the removal efficiencies. It is worth noting that the removal of SO_2 could be enhanced when low concentrations of o-xylene were introduced into the biofilter. Pseudomonas sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Bacillus sp. were the main functional bacteria groups in the biofilter. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria(SOB) and o-xylene-degrading bacteria(XB) thrived in the biofilter and their counts as well as their growth rate increased with the increase in amount of SO_2 and o-xylene supplied. The microbial populations differed in counts and species due to the properties and components of the compounds being treated in the biofilter. The presence of mixed substrates enhanced the diversity of the microbial population. During the treatment process, bioaerosols including potentially pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas sp., were emitted from the biofilter. Further investigation is needed to focus on the potential hazards caused by the bioaerosols emitted from waste gas treatment bioreactors.