快速城镇化进程中珠江三角洲硝酸型地下水赋存特征及驱动因素

随着经济的发展,我国地下水硝酸盐污染日趋严重,城镇化和工业化是硝酸型地下水频繁显现的主要驱动力.本文以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计、主成分分析及"双因子"等方法探讨了研究区浅层硝酸型地下水的赋存环境特征和驱动因素.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区地下水硝酸盐含量总体较高,全区1538组地下水样品中,硝酸盐浓度大于地下水Ⅲ类水质标准（88.6 mg·L^-1）87组,超标率为5.7%;硝酸型水284组,占样品总数的18.5%.研究区硝酸型水分布广泛,主要分布于丘陵区及其与平原区交界处.其中广州、东莞、佛山和珠海等地区受城镇化和工业化影响出现了条带状的高溶解性总固体（TDS）硝酸型水,而在周边丘陵河谷区分布低TDS硝酸型水.西江、东江平原区,受工业废水及海咸水入侵影响,地下水TDS明显升高,该区域地下水NO₃^-质量浓度超Ⅲ类水标准但未影响水化学类型,然而工业化导致该区域硫酸型水频繁显现.研究区硝酸型水赋存于酸性或弱酸性环境,通常具有TDS和总硬度含量较低,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和K⁺浓度较高等特征.硝酸型水的形成主要受生活污水、工业废水、农业氮肥、化粪池和垃圾渗滤液泄漏等影响.通常,高TDS硝酸型水的污染负荷高于低TDS硝酸型水.硝酸型水尤其是低TDS硝酸型水的圈定有利于识别出人类活动影响更为强烈的地下水,能够尽早识别出硝酸盐含量低但已具有潜在污染风险的地下水,对地下水的污染防控具有重要意义.     

快速城镇化三角洲地区高碘地下水赋存特征及驱动因素:以珠江三角洲为例

沿海城镇化地区地下水中碘来源复杂,高碘地下水对生活饮用水安全存在潜在威胁.以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计和主成分分析等方法探讨了珠江三角洲不同含水层和不同城镇化水平地区浅层地下水中碘的赋存特征及驱动因素.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水ρ（I^-）介于未检出～2.34 mg·L^-1,主要以I^-的形式存在.研究区1 567组地下水样品中,ρ（I^-）>0.1 mg·L^-1的高碘地下水检出120组.其中,孔隙和裂隙高碘地下水分别检出84组和36组,岩溶含水层未检出高碘地下水.对比2005～2008年历史水化学数据,近10年新增建设用地浅层地下水ρ（I^-）均值增加了30%.孔隙和裂隙高碘地下水均主要分布在城镇化地区,其比例均为非城市化地区的3倍以上.高碘地下水以HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na和Cl-Na型水为主,高碘地下水具有pH较高氧化还原电位较低等特性.含碘铁锰（氧）氢氧化物的还原溶解和沉积物中富碘有机物的分解可能是珠江三角...     

西安市平原区地下水污染风险研究

地下水污染风险评价对地下水污染防治及土地的合理开发利用具有重要意义。通过分析西安市平原区浅层地下水特征,建立了包含地下水脆弱性、污染源荷载及水功能价值的地下水污染风险评价概念模型,对西安市平原区地下水污染风险进行了评价。结果表明:西安市平原区地下水污染高、中、低风险区分别占研究区总面积的0.2%、28.8%、71.1%。平原区地下水污染中等以上风险区主要集中分布在周至县的渭河沿岸、长安区的浐河沿岸以及蓝田县的灞河沿岸,地下水脆弱性高、污染源荷载相对较强是造成该地区污染风险相对较高的主要原因。     

淮河流域平原区浅层地下水铁锰分布特征及成因浅析

结合淮河流域平原区水文地质条件,阐述了淮河流域平原区铁锰元素在浅层地下水(埋深0~50m)中的赋存特征和分布规律。结合前人研究成果并总结现有水质资料,认为淮河流域地下水中铁锰的形成和分布特征除了受含水介质成分、上覆土层性质、酸碱条件等影响外,主要受氧化还原环境控制。建议通过适当除铁锰工艺或改变地下水循环条件等方式来改变研究区浅层水地下水水质状况。     

松嫩平原西部地下水氟和砷的富集机理与动态变化特征

为揭示松嫩平原西部地下水中氟和砷的演变趋势,以通榆县为典型研究区,系统开展地下水氟和砷浓度现状调查,利用离子比图、自组织映射网络等方法进行水质数据分析.结果表明:潜水氟含量受含水介质沉淀溶解作用的制约,蒸发浓缩作用对大部分浅层高、低氟地下水形成都有一定影响,但并非高氟地下水形成的主导作用.水中铁、锰氧化物的溶解促进浅、深层地下水As的解吸释放.1995年以来区内中东部浅层地下水氟浓度整体水平有所降低,可能与当地大规模开发地下水所导致的地下水位下降、蒸发减弱等因素有关;虽然深层高氟地下水浓度变化不大,但分布范围扩大,可能与浅层高氟地下水经破损井管道渗漏进入承压含水层有关.1995～2021年区内中部与东北部浅层地下水砷浓度整体水平远高于世卫组织饮用水的指导值(10μg/L),虽然深层高砷地下水浓度变化不大,但较浅层地下水高砷区分布更广、富集区更多、污染更严重,这可能与承压含水层的还原条件促进砷的释放有关.因此,通榆县深层地下水的开采,需要避开地下水高砷污染区,且需要合理确定开采水平避免劣质水入侵;同时也要关注开采井止水和开采井的破坏导致的串层污染问题.     

新疆典型高砷地下水区域碘的空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

高碘、高砷地下水作为原生劣质地下水,具有区域性、伴生性和相似富集机理等特点.奎屯河流域是中国典型原生高砷水分布区,本研究基于奎屯河下游区域39组地下水水样,通过分析地下水水化学特征、赋存环境和水文地球化学过程,明确了该地区地下水中碘的分布特征与碘富集影响因素.结果表明：研究区地下水赋存环境为还原性弱碱性,I-浓度范围为13.96～574.85μg·L^-1(平均值为111.79μg·L^-1), 38.46%的地下水为高碘地下水(ρ>100μg·L^-1),87.18%的地下水处于高砷环境(ρ>10μg·L^-1).地下水以低碘高砷地下水(53.85%)为主,其次为高碘高砷地下水(33.33%)、低碘低砷地下水(7.69%)、高碘低砷地下水(5.13%).地下水I^-浓度整体由南向北逐渐升高,高碘地区主要集中分布在研究区北部(126团、127团场、128团北侧靠近北山山前冲洪积砾土平原一带),占比为32.26%,适碘地区分布在研究区中部(128团场东部与南侧、127团和下游奎...     

河南黄河改道区浅层地下水化学特征与主控污染源解析

黄河下游的河南北部平原是黄河频繁发生改道的地区.该地区浅层地下水水质较差且超标组分类型多,但是多种因素影响下各环境因子对水质的贡献作用仍需进一步得到量化.为了明确研究区浅层地下水的水质成因,采集330组浅层地下水样品进行区域性水质调查,通过主成分-绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）模型揭示豫北黄河改道区的浅层地下水水质演化来源.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水超标率从高到低依次为：锰>铁>总硬度>溶解性总固体>钠>氟>砷>氯离子>硫酸根>铵根,特别是锰的超标率达到76％.水-岩溶滤富集作用、土壤来源、氧化还原条件和农业活动这4种因素是导致地下水水质较差的主要原因,四者方差累积解释率达到71.24％,同时地表水的补给也会影响地下水质.新乡等北部的黄河故道区地下水中,铁、砷、铵根、总硬度和TDS等组分主要受到水-岩溶滤作用和氧化还原条件影响造成浓度增加;黄河沿岸的水-岩溶滤作用、土壤来源与黄河侧向补给造成水中氟的富集;高锰地下水受到土壤组分影响广泛存在于研究区,而个别地区农业活动和地表水补给造成硝酸盐的点状污染.     

江汉平原东部浅层地下水氮的空间分布特征

江汉平原水体氮污染问题日趋严重,但相关研究仍较为薄弱。以江汉平原东部为研究区,对区内459组浅层地下水样品的水化学成分进行测试分析,旨在查明地下水氮污染的空间分布特征,并探讨地下水氮污染的成因机制。结果显示:硝态氮在孔隙潜水中明显富集,最高约300 mg/L,而高含量的氨氮则集中分布于中层孔隙承压水,平均值达2.58 mg/L;孔隙潜水中NO_3~-含量随着Cl~-含量的增高而表现出增高趋势,指示了浅层地下水中NO_3~-是人类工农业活动输入的结果;中层孔隙承压水处于富含有机质的强还原环境,NH_3-N含量随着DOC含量的增高而表现出增高趋势,且高含量的NH_3-N对应着低含量的Cl~-,表明该层地下水中NH_3-N主要为天然来源,而非人类活动输入。氧化还原环境控制着区域内浅层地下水中氮的赋存形态,在氧化环境下主要以硝态氮的形式存在,而在还原环境下主要以氨氮的形式存在。     

浙江北部地区地下水高氟和高砷分布特点和建议

在分析了浙江北部地区地下水类型、特征、地下水开采现状和水位变化基础上,通过对不同类型地下水深井样品测试数据的研究,查明了区域地下水高氟和高砷的分布特点.高氟区主要出现于妙西花岗岩裂隙水和白雀岩溶水分布区,高砷区主要位于南浔第Ⅱ承压含水层局部区域.研究认为高氟和高砷地下水分布区与区域土壤和浅层地下水中总氟和总砷含量没有直接联系,深井地下水中的高氟和高砷主要与深部断裂构造有关.研究地区的这种高氟和高砷地下水目前仍然为很多居民所饮用,作者认为长期饮用这种高氟和高砷地下水容易导致地方病的产生,建议在高氟和高砷地下水分布区停止生活用水开采,有条件的企事业单位应实行改水方案.     

城镇化进程中珠江三角洲高锰地下水赋存特征及成因

地下水中高浓度的锰对人体健康存在危害,快速城镇化地区锰来源复杂.基于不同历史时期的2500余组水化学数据,运用数理统计和主成分分析等技术方法,研究了珠江三角洲地区不同含水层和不同城镇化水平地区地下水中锰的空间分布特征、来源及其成因.结果表明,孔隙含水层地下水中锰含量明显高于裂隙和岩溶含水层.孔隙高锰地下水比例是裂隙和岩溶含水层的2倍.高锰地下水在城镇化和城郊地区比例明显高于非城镇化地区.在区域尺度上,还原条件下沉积地层中有机质的分解和铁锰（氧）氢氧化物的还原溶解可能是控制孔隙含水层锰浓度升高的主要因素.裂隙含水层中高锰地下水可能受城镇化伴随的低氧生活污水渗漏和工业化伴随的工业废水入渗影响.地下水pH值和氧化还原条件是控制研究区地下水中锰浓度的重要因素.孔隙高锰地下水受控于还原条件,而裂隙和岩溶高锰地下水弱酸性环境是其重要影响因素.近10年来,研究区地下水环境稳中向好,地下水氧化还原电位和pH不同程度地升高不利于高锰地下水的形成,这也是城镇化进程中不同类型含水层地下水中Mn²⁺浓度总体降低的主要成因.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.