基于多个扩增子的DNA metabarcoding技术探究黄海微型真核浮游植物多样性

微型真核浮游植物是海洋生态系统中能量流动和物质循环的关键环节,对维持海洋生态系统的稳定发挥着关键的作用.本研究首次应用DNA metabarcoding技术探讨黄海微型真核浮游植物的物种组成及多样性,对比分析ITS、18S r DNA V4和18S r DNA V9扩增子条件下微型真核浮游植物的群落结构及多样性水平,并探讨了其多样性与温度、盐度的响应关系.结果表明:①基于ITS扩增子获得的微型真核浮游植物中绿藻门所占比例较高,而基于18S r DNA V4和18S r DNA V9扩增子获得的甲藻门相对丰度较高.②基于18S r DNA V9扩增子获得的微型真核浮游植物的ACE、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数较ITS和18S r DNA V4扩增子更高,而且其门、纲、目和科的数目较高.③黄海微型真核浮游植物的Shannon指数与温度呈现出显著正相关的关系(P 0. 01),而与盐度呈现出显著负相关的关系(P 0. 05).本研究通过对比不同扩增子条件下黄海微型真核浮游植物的群落结构及丰度特征,丰富了黄海微型真核浮游植物的认识,可为今后该海域微型真核浮游植物的生态学研究、生物多样性监测、生物资源动态变化及持续开发生产等方面的分析提供科学依据.     

黄河口浮游生物群落结构特征及环境质量评价

通过2011年~2012年对黄河口水域浮游生物的周年调查,对该水域浮游生物种类组成、优势种、生物量、密度和生物多样性等进行了分析。结果表明:共检出浮游植物79种,其中绿藻门最多为34种,其次硅藻门20种,其它门类均低于10种;优势种共25种,主要为小球藻、小环藻和针杆藻等;细胞数与生物量随季节变化变动较大,均为8月5月2月11月。检出浮游动物4类46种,其中轮虫25种、原生动物9种、桡足类7种和枝角类5种;优势种主要为萼花臂尾轮虫、螺形龟甲轮虫和曲腿龟甲轮虫等;数量与生物量亦为8月5月2月11月。黄河口各站位浮游植物和浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数均低于3,平均值分别为1.68和1.36,依据Shannon-Wiener指数评价标准,黄河口为中度污染。     

2008年夏季南黄海浮游动物群落特征

为了解南黄海浮游动物的群落特征及其变化,利用2008年8月在南黄海采集的浮游动物样品,分析了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物多样性和优势种类,并对浮游动物的群落进行了划分。本次调查共鉴定浮游动物72种、浮游幼虫27类,浮游动物的平均丰度为1054.9 ind/m3,丰度的平面分布呈现出由沿岸水域向中部水域升高的趋势,生物多样性的分布趋势与之相反。根据浮游动物组成的相似程度,将研究海区浮游动物划分为3个群落:南黄海沿岸群落、南黄海中部群落和长江口沿岸群落,并对各群落进行了种类组成、丰度、生物多样性和优势种类的分析。本研究的群落划分结果与之前的研究基本一致,但近半个世纪以来,南黄海浮游动物群落地理分布的南界向北有所推移。     

2009-2021年夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为了探究夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素,根据2009-2021年夏季长江口海域大中型浮游生物及水质监测数据,通过盐度5‰和25‰等值线将长江口海域划分为口门区(盐度<5‰)、河口区(盐度5‰～25‰)和海水区(盐度>25‰),通过优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及排序分析法,分区分析浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明：(1)时间上,浮游植物物种数量和细胞数量呈上升趋势,群落结构以硅藻为主,甲藻占比近年来有所升高.浮游动物物种数量、密度和生物量整体呈下降趋势,群落组成以桡足类动物为主.空间上,浮游植物和浮游动物物种数量呈现出由口门区向海水区递增的趋势,与盐度分布较为一致.(2)浮游动物多样性水平整体优于浮游植物,二者生物多样性空间分布较为一致.其中,海水区浮游生物多样性和丰富度均较高,结构复杂;口门区浮游生物种类少,但均匀度较高;河口区浮游生物种类较多但分布不均匀.(3)冗余分析结果表明,水温、盐度、光照、营养盐是影响浮游生物生长的主要因素.除环境要素外,生物间的捕食作用对...     

2007年夏季南海北部微型浮游动物摄食研究

2007年8月中国科学院南海北部开放航次期间,对南海北部的7个站位开展了微型浮游动物研究,用稀释法研究了浮游植物的生长率和微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力。浮游植物增长率变化范围为0.136～6.21/d;微型浮游动物摄食率变化范围为0.012～4.61/d,微型浮游动物对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为1.2%～99%;微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力为2.18%～434%。浮游植物瞬时增长率与微型浮游动物丰度和叶绿素a呈负相关,随着叶绿素a和微型浮游动物丰度的降低,浮游植物瞬时增长率提高。微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力与其丰度呈正相关,微型浮游动物种类越多,丰度越高,对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力越大。微型浮游动物对初级生产力的摄食压力与盐度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a呈显著正相关,随着叶绿素a浓度升高而摄食压力变大。     

春季南黄海近岸海域浮游动物群落特征

为研究南黄海春季浮游动物群落特征及变化规律,利用2017年4月至6月在南黄海近岸水域获取的WP2型浮游生物网采样品及相关调查资料,分析了浮游动物的种类组成、密度、优势种、生物多样性及其与环境因子的相关性。研究海域共记录浮游动物成体41种（含未定种）,浮游幼虫22类。桡足类、水螅水母和浮游幼虫是浮游动物种类数最多的类群。春季,胶东半岛沿岸海域、海州湾毗邻海域和苏北沿岸海域浮游动物群落结构在时间和空间上的动态变化存在明显差异。温度在时间和空间上的不均匀变化是造成上述差异的重要原因。胶东半岛沿岸海域受冷水团影响,浮游动物群落的变化趋势与其他海域存在较大不同。小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）是海域最占优势的浮游动物种类,对浮游动物总密度及多样性指数有较大影响。生物多样性分析显示,海州湾毗邻海域浮游动物多样性最高,胶东半岛沿岸海域次之,苏北沿岸海域最低。     

白荡湖流域水文连通对浮游生物群落结构的影响

2020年11月(枯水期)及2021年3月(平水期)和6月(丰水期)开展了白荡湖流域水文、水质、浮游动植物现场调查,评价了水文连通性,揭示了其浮游生物群落结构的关键影响因子。结果表明：白荡湖流域水文连通受到不同水文期的直接影响,表现为丰水期优于平水期和枯水期;浮游植物和浮游动物群落优势种、丰度及生物量均呈季节性差异,优势种均为丰水期最多,枯水期最少,浮游植物优势门类为绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻类型,浮游动物优势种为轮虫类和枝角类,而生物量和物种丰度均呈丰水期>平水期>枯水期的趋势。从空间分布特征上,浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数均为湖区最低,杨市河上游最高;而Pielou指数则在罗昌河入湖口最高;浮游动物Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数最低值和最高值均在罗昌河中上游;Pielou指数在杨市河入湖口最低,罗昌河上游最高。RDA显示,影响浮游植物群落结构的关键影响因子为T、DO和TN,而浮游动物则为TP和HCI。研究明确了白荡湖流域浮游生物群落结构特征,揭示了水文连通对浮游生物群落结构的影响,为深入研究该水系生态健康和保护修复提供科学...     

杭州湾南岸开发区域浮游生物研究

为探明杭州湾南岸开发区域浮游生物群落的特征,2012年10-12月对杭州湾南岸开发区域的浮游生物进行了调查。结果表明:该区域共鉴定到125种浮游植物,各样点的浮游植物丰度均达到106数量级以上,表明水体处于高度富营养化;该区域共鉴定出19种浮游动物,浮游动物的丰度普遍较低,在102~103数量级间。多个生物群落结构参数表明杭州湾南岸开发区域浮游生物的多样性较低。应用生物群落完整性指数对该区域水生态健康状况进行的评估表明多个采样点区域的水质较差。     

东海近海春季赤潮发生与浮游动物群落结构的关系

依据2002～2003年东海赤潮高发区(122～12330E、29～32N)及东海122～125E、29～32N海域4季综合调查资料,探讨东海近海春季赤潮爆发的生物学特征.结果表明,东海赤潮高发区浮游动物(网目孔径0.505mm)总生物量4季平均为170.75mg/m³,春季略低于夏季,明显高于秋、冬季.春季浮游动物生物量高,种类数及优势种种数(3种)相对较少,并呈现出单一优势种的优势度和平均丰度高,多样性指数均值低(1.78)的特征.随着冬季到春季水温逐渐升高,该水域生物量迅速上升,优势种种数却没有同步升高,仅有个别优势种,如中华哲水蚤(Calanussinicus)种群数量得到迅速的增长(平均丰度142.10mg/m³,占总丰度68.09%).这种生物量与群落变化的不同步、不对称性导致浮游动物群落结构的脆弱性,形成了东海近海春季赤潮发生的生物环境特征.     

红色赤潮藻主导的混合赤潮对浮游生物群落结构的影响——以浙江南部沿海为例

根据2016年6月中旬浙江南部沿海一次红色赤潮藻主导的混合赤潮的调查数据,分析了赤潮海域和非赤潮海域浮游生物的种类及丰度、优势种、多样性指数差异以及其与水环境因子的相关性。结果表明,该海域共鉴定出浮游植物22种,浮游动物20种,赤潮区浮游植物平均丰度显著高于非赤潮区,赤潮区与非赤潮区浮游动物平均丰度和生物量差异不显著。赤潮区浮游植物均匀度指数显著低于非赤潮区,而赤潮区和非赤潮区浮游动物各指数均差异不显著。赤潮发生对桡足类影响较大,其在赤潮区的种类和丰度均显著少于非赤潮区。主成分分析结果表明非赤潮区最主要优势种红色赤潮藻与氮磷浓度呈正相关,赤潮区则相反。浮游动物总丰度在非赤潮区及赤潮区均与叉状角藻丰度呈正相关,与有毒赤潮生物具刺膝沟藻丰度呈负相关。以上结果表明红色赤潮藻为主的混合赤潮爆发能够显著改变赤潮发生海域浮游生物的群落结构。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.