深圳市地表沉积物粒径分布及污染特性研究

该研究以深圳市龙岗区为对象，采集了商业区、居住小区、城中村、科教文卫区、交通用地、公园绿地等6种用地类型的地表沉积物，检测了地表沉积物粒径分布及总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷(TP)的含量，分析了不同功能区地表沉积物中粒径分布的差异。在此基础上，分析了各功能区不同粒径沉积物中TN、NH₃-N与TP的分布特征。结果表明，各功能区地表沉积物累积强度差异较大，科教文卫区污染物累积量高于其他功能区，为203.47 g/m²，公园绿地累积量最小，为34.95 g/m²。不同功能区地表沉积物TN、NH₃-N与TP负荷差异显著，城中村与住宅区的TN、NH₃-N负荷较大，而城中村、工业区和公园绿地TP负荷较大。不同功能区粒径>200μm的比例均值为40.5%，沉积物中大颗粒物质占主要部分。沉积物中TN与TP均表现出一定的富集特性，粒径<200μm的沉积物所携带TN、TP污染负荷比例最高分别可达90.1%、78.6%。因此，提高小颗粒物质的去除率是降低沉...     

北京城区雨水管道沉积物污染负荷研究

在北京市城区部分排水管道调研的基础上,通过监测西城区上游、下游雨水管道检查井断面径流中的污染物,研究管道沉积物在次降雨条件下的冲刷释放污染负荷.结果表明,在城市降雨径流污染控制中,雨水管道沉积物的冲刷释放作用对管道出流的污染贡献不可忽视.对于本研究所选取的雨水管道,其中84 m管道中沉积物次降雨(2010年7月9日)过程中对径流出流的污染负荷贡献率分别为:TN(总氮)8.5%、TP(总磷)8.2%、COD 18.3%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)7.7%;295 m管道中沉积物次降雨过程中(2010年8月4日)的污染负荷贡献率为:TN(总氮)23.12%、TP(总磷)30.01%、COD 33.78%、SS(悬浮颗粒物)31.89%.因此,为保证城市水环境得到根本的改善,明确雨水管道沉积物冲刷释放的量对径流总量的控制有一定的借鉴意义.     

南黄海冷水团海域及西部近岸区表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及其生态学指示意义

基于南黄海西部沉积化学及相关环境因子的调查资料,重点分析和探讨了冷水团海域及近岸区表层沉积物中TOC、TN、TP的分布特征及其生态学指示意义.结果显示,冷水团海域沉积物比近岸区沉积物具有较高的含水率、TOC、TN、TP含量及N/P比.沉积物类型(粒径)、物质来源和沉积环境显著影响着TOC含量,TOC高值主要分布在泥质沉积区.表层沉积物TN与TOC含量在冷水团海域呈显著正相关关系,表明两者的同源性较好,但整个调查海域中TP与TOC、TN无显著相关性,说明其来源较复杂.南黄海冷水团海域和西部近岸浅水区沉积物理化特性之间的显著差异反映了它们受控因素的迥异,冷水团海域沉积物TOC和TN含量受水柱中生物活动的影响较大,上层水体中产生的有机碎屑是其重要的海生物质来源,而浅水区沉积物TN和TP含量受水柱中生物活动的影响相对较小.底层水年平均DO含量对沉积物TOC、TN分布也具有一定影响.     

重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物性质研究

为了解重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了生活区、交通区、文教区、商业广场等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机物含量(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,研究了不同功能区沉积物的差异.结果表明:不同功能区排水管道沉积有不同的理化性质,沉积物的粒径,交通区>文教区>商业广场>居住区.沉积物的密度与有机物含量(VSS/TSS)呈负相关(R2=0.998).沉积物污染物含量空间分异性显著,COD含量,文教区>居住区>商业广场>交通区.TN和TP含量,文教区>商业广场>居住区>交通区,与街尘相比,TP呈现显著富集特点.对于重金属含量,交通区显著高于其他3个功能区,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 最大值分别为303.5、539、104、1.14mg/kg.     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

重庆典型区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷污染特征分析

为了解重庆市旧城区雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的污染特性,采集了生活区、交通干道、文教区、商业区等典型区域的雨水管道沉积物,利用化学提取法分析沉积物中氮磷的含量分布及赋存形态.结果表明:不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮含量的空间差异性显著,含量大小都表现为文教区商业区居住区交通干道,其中,总氮(TN)含量为(3.05±2.23)mg·g-1,有机氮(ON)含量为(2.77±1.98)mg·g-1,硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)含量为(0.029±0.024)mg·g-1,氨氮(NH3-N)含量为(0.254±0.220)mg·g-1;而磷与氮不同,空间差异性不明显,总磷(TP)含量表现为商业区交通干道居住区文教区,其中,TP含量为(1.89±0.22)mg·g-1,磷酸盐(PO-3-P)含量为(0.155±0.022)mg·g-1;不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的赋存结构并无较大差异,表现为TN中ON占主导(92.45%),无机氮(IN)中NH3-N占主导(88.87%),而磷主要以颗粒态(PP)为主;氮形态与pH呈负相关,与有机碳(OC)呈正相关,而磷与pH、OC相关性不显著;TP呈现出显著富集的特性.     

昆明市不同功能区排水管道沉积物性质

为了解昆明市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了居住区、综合服务区、文教区、商业区等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机质(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,结果表明各功能区沉积物理化性质存在明显差异,粒径大小关系为商业区文教区居住区综合服务区,VSS/TSS的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,与沉积物干密度呈负相关,与含水率呈正相关;对于COD而言,居住区文教区综合服务区商业区,TN的关系为居住区文教区商业区综合服务区,TP呈现居住区综合服务区文教区商业区的关系,由支管至主干管,沉积物中COD、TN无明显规律,TP略有减小,且TP更易赋存在小颗粒沉积物上;对于重金属而言,商业区污染高于其他3区,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd这4种重金属含量分别是背景值的2.2、4.4、2.5和8.6倍,建议优先控制Cd和Zn.     

山美水库沉积物氮磷和有机质污染特征及评价

为揭示山美水库沉积物中污染物的空间分布状况,测定了山美水库47个采样点(包含8个柱状样)的TN、TP及OM含量,分析了各污染因子之间的相关性以及C/N,并对山美水库沉积物的污染层进行了污染状况评价.结果表明,污染层TN平均含量为1 180 mg·kg~(-1),TP平均含量为642 mg·kg~(-1),OM的平均质量分数为3.30%.其中TN与TP含量随着深度加深到正常层呈现稳定或较低的状态.污染层C/N整体远高于普通湖泊,有机质大多由自然陆源贡献,少部分由浮游动植物及藻类转化而来.相关性分析表明TN、TP和OM三者之间都呈极显著相关,说明沉积物中氮磷多以有机形式存在,且具有一定同源性.评价结果中有机氮及有机指数都为尚清洁的状态,总磷为中度污染,接近重度污染.     

北运河沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布特征及其溯源分析

通过采集沙河水库表层(0～20 cm)沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中氮、磷、有机质的分布特征,并结合排污口附近和水库典型区域沉积物中有机质(Organic Matter, OM)和溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM)的荧光光谱特征、分子量分布特征(Molecular Weight Distribution, MWD),研究了点源污染对沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布的潜在影响.结果表明,表层沉积物间隙水中氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、磷酸盐(PO■-P)平均浓度及沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均含量依次为(52.13±40.32)、(1.75±1.88) mg·L~(-1)与(2853.81±1501.93)、(1496.00±454.06) mg·kg~(-1).库区沉积物中TN、TP含量由库上游((1898.00±1047.54)、(1264.00±104.61) mg·kg~(-1))经库心区((2996.67±1405.13)、(1340.00±332.47) mg·kg~(-1))至库下游((4500.00±920.00)、(1750.00±10.00) mg·kg~(-1))依次增高.沉积物C/N比分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中有机质来源于陆源与自生生物源的混合源.而三维荧光光谱和分子量分布的分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中DOM的组成特性具有一致性,且主要来源于自生生物源.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物中营养盐(TN、TP)与有机质具有显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果清楚地表明,点源污染区沉积物中高的营养盐、有机质含量是库区污染物累积的潜在重要来源.     

人工湿地不同基质和粒径对污水净化效果的比较

为研究人工湿地基质类型和粒径对水质净化效率的影响,选择了1~2、2~4、4~8 mm的沸石,2~4、4~8、8~16mm的砾石和2~4、3~5、6~8 mm的无烟煤基质,在无植物人工实验柱中开展单一基质的水质净化实验.结果表明,相同类型不同粒径的基质对COD、TN、TP的去除效果不同.4~8 mm沸石和砾石、6~8 mm无烟煤对COD的去除率最高,分别为53.74%、60.76%、62.93%;人工实验柱中氮素的去除以反硝化作用为主,粒径对TN去除效果的影响表现为小粒径更优;砾石和无烟煤的TP去除率也表现为小粒径更高,但沸石的TP去除率随着粒径的增大而增大.基质类型对COD、TP、TN的去除效果也存在差异.无烟煤对COD、TP、TN均有较好的去除效果,平均去除率在60%以上;沸石对TN的去除效果最好,TP去除率不高;砾石对COD有较高的去除率,对TP的去除效果一般.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.