模拟生物滞留池强化径流雨水中的氮磷去除研究

为改善生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮和磷的去除效果,考察了不同组合填料和淹没区深度分别对总磷和硝酸氮的影响,找出最优工况,采用小试实验研究优化后的模拟生物滞留池对径流雨水中氮磷的去除效果。结果显示,最优工况是选择麦饭石组合填料,设置淹没区深度为35 cm。经优化后的模拟生物滞留装置在7场模拟降雨实验中,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除率分别为:68.65%~82.86%、73.47%~91.69%、29.35%~74.56%、58.66%~74.88%和78.37%~93.90%。该装置对模拟径流中的污染物去除稳定,适合应用于道路滞留带。     

植物及存水区对南方生物滞留池去污效果的影响

以柳叶马鞭草、菖蒲、鸢尾和美人蕉及南方红壤构建5个生物滞留池模拟装置,研究植物和IWS(内部存水区)及其交互作用对径流中TSS、COD、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除的影响,定期测定植物的叶绿素含量、株高和游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,以探讨植物的生长适宜性。结果表明:植物对COD、NO_3~--N和TN的去除影响较大,其去除率分别为68.84%~77.28%、13.09%~59.61%和42.41%~71.75%,柳叶马鞭草和美人蕉的NO_3~--N及TN去除能力显著高于菖蒲和鸢尾(P柳叶马鞭草>鸢尾>菖蒲,美人蕉和柳叶马鞭草的去污效果和长势较好,适宜在南方生物滞留池中种植。     

生物滞留系统对阳台洗衣废水的除污性能研究

老旧小区因历史原因长期存在阳台洗衣废水排入雨水管道现象,并对水体造成了严重污染。生物滞留是海绵城市建设的优选措施之一,但其受季节性降雨特征影响而出现过长干旱期,导致植物死亡进而损害系统功能,甚至造成降雨径流引起的污染物淋洗现象。生物滞留系统在干旱期处理其他污染水源(如洗衣废水)可消除人为浇灌养护工作,并提高系统应对干旱气候的适应能力。为考察生物滞留系统在干旱期对洗衣废水的处理效能,该文研究了进水有机物浓度和闲置时间对生物滞留系统除污性能的影响。结果表明,生物滞留系统可高效去除洗衣废水中的TSS;植物系统对TN、NH_4~+-N和COD等污染物的去除效果均显著优于无植物系统;进水有机物浓度对系统除污能力具有一定的影响,尤其是有机物浓度过高不利于植物系统对氮的去除;当闲置时间为2～4 d时,系统对洗衣废水的除污性能受闲置时间影响不显著。研究证实,生物滞留系统在非雨季可用于阳台洗衣废水中的处理。     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

沸石改良雨水生物滞留系统去除污染物研究

作为重要的低影响开发技术之一,雨水生物滞留系统在控制径流污染和削减径流总量及峰值方面具有良好的效果。传统生物滞留系统对于TSS、重金属和COD有较好的去除效果,但对硝氮去除效果差,砂土填料空隙率小,对水量的调蓄效果差,水力停留时间长,容易堵塞。本研究尝试采用沸石作为滞留系统的基质填料,并在系统底部设置淹没区创造缺氧环境提高系统对硝氮的去除效果。对比了在有无淹没区条件下对模拟雨水中各种污染物的去除效果。在无淹没区条件下,系统对进水TSS负荷的变化有很好的抗冲击能力,当进水TSS浓度在100~400 mg/L范围内变化时,出水TSS始终在20 mg/L以下。当进水COD浓度为150~250 mg/L,TP浓度为2.5~7.0 mg/L,NH_4~+-N浓度为3.0~4.0 mg/L,NO_3~--N浓度为6.0~10.0 mg/L时,系统对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N的平均去除率分别为67%、73%、88%、5%。在有淹没区且进水浓度基本相同的条件下,系统对TSS、COD、TP、NH_4~+-N等污染物的去除均没有大的变化,但对NO_3~--N的平均去除率则上升为74%。同时,系统对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等重金属也有良好的去除效果。     

3种生物滞留设计对城市地表径流溶解性氮的去除作用

城市地表径流溶解性氮(N)的有效控制具有挑战性.2015构建了3种不同设计的生物滞留设施:壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草(CB)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带(MB1)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带并添加10%木块(MB2).在模拟城市地表径流水文、水质变化条件下,研究3种生物滞留种植植物、设置饱和带以及添加碳源对城市地表径流溶解性N(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)的去除作用.通过为期1年试验监测表明,在进水NH_4~+-N浓度平均值为(5.45±2.21)mg·L-1情况下,3种生物滞留对NH_4~+-N均具有显著的去除作用(去除率95%).基质吸附、硝化与植物吸收是生物滞留有效去除城市地表径流NH_4~+-N的主要途径.在进水NO_3~--N平均值为(5.88±2.32)mg·L-1情况下,CB、MB1和MB2出水NO_3~--N浓度的平均值分别为(4.04±2.64)、(0.84±1.18)和(0.26±0.48)mg·L-1,相应去除率分别为31.3%、85.7%和95.6%.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带以及添加碳源均可显著降低出水NO_3~--N浓度,减少NO_3~--N淋溶输出,提高NO_3~--N去除率.植物吸收和微生物反硝化是生物滞留去除NO_3~--N的主要途径.进水NO_3~--N浓度、水量、间隔天数是影响生物滞留出水NO_3~--N浓度的主要因素.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带并添加碳源,在水文、水质变化情况下,仍可有效去除城市地表径流溶解性N.     

混凝泥渣生物滞留池脱氮除磷性能的实验研究

设置3个不同沙土配比的生物滞留池,在传统生物滞留池基础上增加厌氧区,填料中添加供反硝化的碳源以及自来水厂混凝泥渣(water treatment residue,WTR),从而分析不同进水浓度、降雨强度及沙土配比对去除效果的影响,验证混凝泥渣对磷的强化处理效果。结果表明:滞留池对NH3-N和TP处理效果较好且稳定,NH3-N进水浓度为2,9,34 mg/L时,出水浓度稳定在0.32~0.92 mg/L,TP进水浓度为8,0.14 mg/L时,出水浓度也稳定在0.04~0.28 mg/L,基本不随进水浓度、降雨强度以及填料沙土配比变化。TN去除率不稳定,在-376.6%~97%,其受降雨强度、落干时间影响显著,且NO3-N和淋洗的有机氮是TN处理效果差的主要原因。WTR对磷有较好的吸附作用,且综合来说砂80%、土壤10%、发酵针叶5%及混凝泥渣5%的填料配比性质较好。     

水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘处理污染河水的影响

将生物转盘与活性炭网状填料相结合,进行活性炭吸附实验并采用河水直接挂膜,探究在盘片最佳转速下,不同水力停留时间对活性炭生物转盘去除NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数以及生物膜特性的影响.结果表明,Freundlich等温线显示活性炭对水中NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数有较好的吸附性能.盘片转速为3 r·min-1时,NH_4~+-N、TP、高锰酸盐指数去除率分别为86.05%、81.28%、77.09%,去除性能最佳.水力停留时间对去除NH_4~+-N、TP存在显著线性相关(R20.9)且去除率存在显著差异(P0.05),而对高锰酸盐指数不存在显著线性相关且去除率差异不显著(P0.05).HRT对生物膜活性、蛋白多糖以及S-EPS、LB-EPS、TB-EPS三维荧光峰均有影响.     

南方红壤区生物滞留池的效果模拟和影响研究

南方红壤区降雨量大且相对集中,红壤保肥性差、渗透性低,对生物滞留池的建设造成较大压力。通过室外人工模拟中试实验,选取3类设计影响因素:植物种类、填料层砂土比(1∶3、1∶4和1∶5)和水力/污染负荷,研究其对雨水径流中污染物的去除效果及影响。实验结果表明:W1—W7的7套生物滞留池对NH_3-N、NO~-_3-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率分别为54.98%～83.61%、 64.18%～83.63%、59.99%～77.15%、76.85%～85.17%和45.11%～85.44%,红壤对P具有较好的吸附作用,使TP的去除效果显著;重金属Pt、Cu、Zn和Cd的平均去除率分别为88.31%～97.00%、84.56%～86.03%、96.88%～97.21%和96.39%～97.44%,去除效果高效、稳定。影响研究表明:杜鹃和狗牙根对雨水径流污染物的去除效果略优于月季;砂土比与N类污染物的去除率正相关,与COD的去除率负相关,对TP的去除率影响不显著;雨水径流污染物的去除率随水力负荷的增大逐渐减小,随污染负荷的增大逐渐增大。     

生物炭配施缓控释肥对稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流流失的影响

在太湖流域,通过田间试验研究了控释肥(CRF)、生物炭配施控释肥(BC+CRF)、生物炭配施稳定性肥(BC+SF)、生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥(BC+CRF+SF)4种施肥处理对稻田田面水p H、氮素动态变化、氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,田面水平均p H介于5.64~8.15,生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水p H降低3.16%~4.48%.田面水平均全氮(TN)质量浓度介于19.05~25.23 mg·L~(-1),生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥田面水TN质量浓度显著降低4.75%~6.58%.田面水无机氮素以铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为主,NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)平均质量浓度分别介于0.01~17.26 mg·L~(-1)和0.24~3.11mg·L~(-1).与单施控释肥相比,各处理田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度分别显著降低35.89%~48.78%和20.54%~37.01%.生物炭配施稳定性肥显著降低了田面水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N质量浓度,有效减少无机氮素径流流失风险.TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失量分别介于16.24~18.09、1.76~2.22、0.76~1.38 kg·hm~(-2).与单施控释肥相比,各处理TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N径流流失均有不同程度削减.生物炭配施控释肥和稳定性肥显著削减了氮素径流流失,有效降低区域稻田氮素面源污染风险.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.