设施番茄种植年限对土壤理化性质及微生物群落的影响

为探究设施番茄种植年限对土壤理化性质和微生物群落影响,以种植1~3 a、5~7 a和>10 a的设施番茄耕层土壤为研究对象,采用常规分析方法测定土壤理化性质,采用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术测定土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明,随着种植年限的延长,土壤容重和pH呈现降低趋势,最大持水量和有机质等指标逐渐增加,电导率（EC值）和全盐含量先降低后升高,显现出土壤次生盐渍化的趋势,其中土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量不同连作年限间差异显著（P<0.05）.土壤碱性磷酸酶在种植1~3 a与5~7 a存在显著性差异.各处理间真菌群落相对丰度存在显著性差异,Simpson指数和Shannon指数先升高后降低,Chao1指数逐渐降低;在属水平上,随种植年限的增加,链霉菌属（Streptomyces）等有益细菌群落相对丰度升高成为优势菌属;曲霉菌属（Aspergillus）和Pseudaleuria等致病真菌群落相对丰度逐渐增加成为优势菌属.冗余分析表明设施番茄种植年限与速效钾、速效氮呈显著正相关关系.研究认为,随种植年限的延长,设施番茄土壤次生盐渍化加重、氮磷钾养分累积和微生物群落失衡,导致设施番茄连作障碍.     

酸性矿山废水对稻田土壤微生物菌群结构的影响

为探究酸性矿山废水(AMD)对稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,通过取自矿区受AMD污染和未受污染的稻田土壤进行微宇宙灌溉模拟实验,研究了AMD污染过程中土壤理化性质和微生物群落的变化,同时建立环境条件变化引起土壤微生物群落结构改变的相关性关系.结果表明,受AMD污染的土壤中SO_4~(2-)、Cd、Zn含量显著上升,土壤酸化且土壤中细菌群落的多样性下降;而恢复清洁水灌溉可提高土壤细菌群落的多样性,有利于修复AMD的污染.采用高通量测序技术分析了不同处理稻田土壤中微生物群落在门和属分类水平上的相对丰度分布变化,冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤pH和重金属(Pb、Cu)含量是影响稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.研究结果不仅有助于进一步揭示AMD污染、土壤因子与土壤微生物群落的相互关系,同时可为恢复AMD污染农业土壤提供理论依据.     

连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性及群落特征的影响

为探究连作对党参根际土壤理化性质、土壤微生物活性和群落特征的影响.以休耕5 a再种植党参的地块(CK)和不同连作年限的党参种植田为研究对象,采用Illumina高通量测序技术结合土壤理化性质分析,探讨了党参根际土壤理化性质、微生物活性和微生物群落特征对连作年限的响应.结果表明,党参根际土壤有机碳、全磷、全氮和盐分的含量随着连作年限的延长而增加,而土壤pH值则随着连作年限的延长而降低.较CK处理,连作1 a、 2 a、 3 a和4 a的党参根际土壤有机碳含量分别增加了11.1%、 80.5%、 74.9%和78.2%,全磷含量分别增加了11.8%、 52.9%、 66.7%和78.4%,全氮含量分别增加了31.3%、 68.8%、 52.1%和56.3%.连作3 a和4 a时土壤盐分含量显著增加,较CK处理,土壤电导率分别增加了54.2%和84.7%.根际土壤中微生物生物量碳氮比随着连作年限的延长而呈现增加的趋势,土壤呼吸熵和微生物熵则呈现降低的趋势.随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌多样性和丰度降低,真菌多样性和丰度增加.此外,随着连作年限的增加,土壤中细菌群落之间的拮抗作用增强,而真菌群...     

土地利用变化后不同种植年限香榧土壤微生物群落的组成及多样性

为探究毛竹林改种香榧后以及香榧种植年限的增加对土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响,并研究其与土壤肥力因子的关系,运用高通量测序技术,研究毛竹林、香榧5a、香榧+山稻5a、香榧10a和香榧30a 土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的变化.结果表明土地利用改变后,土壤中细菌群落的Shannon指数和Chao l指数显著增加...     

粪肥和有机肥施用对稻田土壤微生物群落多样性影响

为探究典型粪肥施用对稻田土壤微生物的影响,开展崇明岛稻田粪肥施用现场实验.采用高通量测序技术分析对照组(CK)和鸡粪(CM)、猪粪(PM)和有机肥(OF)施用稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性.结果表明,与CK相比,施用有机肥可提高土壤有机质(SOM),施用鸡粪可显著提高土壤氨氮(NH~+_4-N)和总氮(TN)含量(P0.05).PM组土壤微生物多样性显著高于CK组(P0.05),OF组土壤微生物群落丰富度显著高于CM组(P0.05).pH值、总磷(TP)、总氮和Pb是影响稻田土壤微生物群落组成的重要因素,CM组微生物群落结构与其他3组差异较大.与CK相比,OF组增加了硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)的相对丰度,CM组显著降低了反硝化细菌Ignavibacteriae的相对丰度(P0.01),达40.56%,但显著增加了硝化细菌陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)的相对丰度(P0.05),达203.00%; PM组显著增加了氨化细菌Armatimonadetes的相对丰度(P0.05),达57.51%,还增加了厌氧绳菌属(Anaerolinea)的相对丰度,达102.00%.施用鸡粪和猪粪分别显著增加致病菌假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavisolibacter)的相对丰度(P0.05),而有机肥施用则降低了黄杆菌属的相对丰度.粪肥的施用增加了参与稻田土壤氮循环过程细菌的丰度,对调节稻田土壤氮平衡起着正向作用,然而鸡粪和猪粪的直接施用会导致病原菌增多,对稻田土壤健康有一定的胁迫.     

甜龙竹不同种植年限对土壤真菌群落的影响

为探究甜龙竹(Dendrocalamus brandisii)种植年限对土壤真菌群落的影响,以不同种植年限(5、 10、 20和40 a)甜龙竹土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术和FUNGuild功能预测相结合的研究方法,分析不同种植年限下甜龙竹土壤真菌群落结构、多样性和功能的差异,揭示驱动土壤真菌群落变化的主要土壤环境因子.结果表明,土壤真菌在门水平上的优势群落为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota);被孢霉门的相对丰度随着种植年限的增加先降低后升高,在不同种植年限差异显著(P<0.05).在纲水平上的优势群落为粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)、伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)、散囊菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)和被孢霉纲(Mortierellomycetes);粪壳菌纲和座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)的相对丰度随着种植年限的增加先降低后升高,在不同种植年限差异显著(P<0.01).土壤真菌Richness指数和Shan...     

株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落特征

基于Illumina高通量测序技术分析了株洲清水塘工业区周边土壤的微生物群落特征,研究重金属污染对土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物群落的相对丰度和多样性变化趋势一致,均随着重金属污染程度增加而减小;稻田土壤平均相对丰度最高的门是变形菌门(49. 56%),其次为绿弯菌门(13. 07%)和酸杆菌门(8. 77%);较高重金属污染程度下伴随着更高丰度的变形菌门、绿弯菌门与更低丰度的硝化螺旋菌门、酸杆菌门; 4组样品的微生物群落结构相似性较高,OTU重叠度达52. 64%,丰度较高的OTU其微生物群落更趋向于相似;结合Spearman相关性分析,Cr与变形菌门显著负相关,与绿弯菌门显著正相关,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn与硝化螺旋菌门显著负相关.以上结果表明,重金属污染是影响清水塘工业区周边土壤微生物群落结构的重要因素.     

模拟氮沉降对干旱半干旱温带草原土壤细菌群落结构的影响

随着社会经济发展,活性氮源随人为活动逐年递增,导致氮沉降相应增加,由此带来的生态环境问题也日益严重.本研究基于细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分析长期人工模拟氮沉降氮输入量为0、1、4、8、32 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)对干旱半干旱区草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,模拟氮沉降7 a增加了土壤中可利用氮含量,引起草原土壤酸化.高通量测序结果表明,细菌OTU(operational taxonomy unit)数量随氮输入量的增加呈现增加的趋势,高氮处理[8 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)和32g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]显著高于低氮和对照处理;细菌α多样性指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势.不同氮输入水平下土壤细菌群落结构差异显著,且与土壤p H和氮的有效性显著相关.不同细菌相对丰度在纲的水平对氮输入的响应趋势不同.氮的长期大量输入可直接或间接通过改变土壤性状而影响草地土壤细菌群落结构和多样性.     

互花米草入侵对闽江口湿地土壤氨氧化微生物群落的影响

为了探究互花米草入侵影响下闽江河口湿地土壤中氨氧化微生物的群落结构及多样性特征,利用高通量测序技术对闽江河口互花米草不同海向入侵阶段湿地(BF:入侵前的光滩;SA M:入侵1～2年的互花米草湿地;SAM:入侵6～7年的互花米草湿地)土壤中的氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构及多样性进行了分析.结果表明:互花米草入侵影响下湿地土壤中AOA的OTUs、Chao1指数和Shannon指数均显著高于AOB.互花米草海向入侵降低了土壤中AOA的群落丰富度(OTUs和Chao1指数)和AOB的群落多样性(Shannon指数),但增加了AOA的群落多样性和AOB的群落丰富度.不同入侵年限土壤中的奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)均是AOA的绝对优势菌门,但AOB在BF和SA M土壤中均以泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)占优(>90%),而在SAM中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占优;不同入侵年限土壤中的Nitrosopumilus均是AOA的优势菌属(>98%),而未分类菌属均是AOB的优势菌属(>90%).互花米草入侵增加了样本间微生物的...     

基于高通量测序的微生物强化污泥减量工艺中微生物群落解析

利用高通量测序技术对微生物强化原位污泥减量工艺中微生物群落进行解析.结果表明,外源菌剂的投加改变了活性污泥中微生物群落结构,菌剂的有效成分乳杆菌属和醋酸杆属在强化组中含量显著增加.科水平上的群落多样性分析显示：强化组厌氧区Siompson指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数均不同程度升高,群落多样性增加.聚类分析显示,微生物群落按时间顺序明显聚为3簇,强化组厌氧区微生物群落随时间发生较大演变.主坐标分析显示,强化组和对照组微生物群落明显聚为2类,其厌氧区群落分别按照不同的方向演变,微生物强化和DO降低的协同作用是强化组群落演变驱动力,DO降低是对照组群落演变驱动力.典范对应分析显示显著影响微生物群落结构的环境因子依次为pH值、水温和DO.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.