金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属健康风险评估

为探明金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属污染特征与人体健康风险,通过对矿区周边农田土壤和农作物进行样品采集并分析测定其Cd、Pb和As等重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、富集系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,研究土壤和农作物重金属的污染特征与综合潜在生态风险,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行土壤和农作物重金属的健康风险评估.结果表明,凉桥村土壤重金属污染主要是Cd、As和Pb,分别有100%、100%和75%以上土壤样品超过农田土壤筛选值（GB 15618-2018）,农作物中Cd、Pb、As、Cr和Ni这5种重金属的含量,均超标《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762-2017）严重;地累积指数和富集系数表明Cd和As污染严重,综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）普遍高于600,具有极高生态风险,其中Cd、As和Pb贡献最大,贡献率分别为77.8%、14.4%和3.1%.健康风险评估表明,凉桥村居民通过摄入农作物以及误食土壤造成较高的致癌风险（致癌风险>10-6）以及非致癌健康风险（危害商值>1）;蒙特卡罗模拟人群健康风险分析显示,凉桥村土壤重金属污染暴露途径下具有较高致癌与非致癌风...     

雄安新区企业周边农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险及累积效应

为评估雄安新区企业密集区工业生产经营活动对其周边农田土壤和农作物中重金属污染风险的影响程度,系统分析企业周边农田区小麦籽实及其根系土壤重金属含量特征与超标情况,利用地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态风险指数(RI),采用主成分分析和相关分析等统计方法开展重金属污染风险评估和源解析.结果表明,根系土壤96.67％的样品存在1种以上重金属含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(GB 15618-2018),小麦籽实96.67％的样品Pb含量和16.67％的样品Cd含量超出食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017).根系土壤Cd和Pb污染相对严重,Igeo呈中～重污染以上等级状态的样品数占比分别为83.33％和53.33％,Cu、Hg和Zn处于轻污染和中污染状态的样品数占比90％以上,As和Ni呈现轻污染状态,Cr处于无污染状态.根系土壤样品RI介于212.69～1 022.69之间,73.33％的样品RI为强生态风险等级,Cd潜在生态危害最大,其次为Hg和Pb元素.土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Cu的富集主要受周边企业生产活动的影响,As、Hg和Pb除受企业生产活动因素影响外,还可能受汽车尾气、燃煤等人为源影响,Cr和Ni主要受自然地质背景因素影响.企业周边农田土壤-农作物系统重金属元素的累积与其距离企业距离(H)均呈负相关关系,距离企业越近,周边土壤-农作物系统重金属元素累积效应越显著.     

电石渣堆放场重金属生态风险评价与成因分析

为了解电石渣堆放场重金属潜在生态风险和成因,选择天津市某电石渣堆放场为研究对象,通过现场采集电石渣样品和土壤样品,利用地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价方法对土壤重金属Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Hg含量进行分析.结果表明,场地内Zn,Cu,Cr平均值与天津市土壤背景值十分接近,地累积指数分布在-1.60~-0.10之间,不存在重金属污染现象;Ni,Pb,As地累积指数最大值小于1.00,存在个别点位轻微污染,Cd最大地累积指数为1.20,存在轻度污染现象,Hg地累积指数最大值为4.20,属于“重度污染”.Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,As潜在生态风险低,经过因子分析,主要反映了成土母质对土壤重金属含量的影响;Cd,Hg局部位置具有较高~极高潜在生态风险,是场地内重点关注的潜在污染源,主要受电石渣,煤渣堆放对土壤重金属的淋滤作用和化学抑制作用影响.     

锰矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染特征、来源解析及风险评价

为了解锰矿周边农田土壤重金属污染和生态风险情况,采集某矿区周边174份农田土壤样品,分析了土壤中8种重金属(Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn、 As和Hg)的含量,采用主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)分析土壤重金属的来源,通过单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和人体健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属生态环境风险.结果表明,研究区农田土壤Cu、 Zn、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn和Hg含量的均值均高于贵州省土壤背景值,100%样本Zn和38.86%样本Cu均超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值.源解析显示农田土壤重金属的主要来源为矿业开采排放源,其次为农业活动和交通运输混合源、自然源和农业活动源.风险评价结果表明,土壤中Ni、 Cr、 Pb和As属于清洁水平,Hg和Cu属于轻度污染水平,Zn属于偏中度污染水平,Mn属于偏重污染水平.Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni、 Mn和As存在轻微潜在生态风险,Hg存在强潜在生态风险.研究区整体存在强潜在生态风险,8种重金属存在致癌风险和0～5岁儿童非致癌风险,主要贡献因子分别是Cr和Mn.     

新疆和硕绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险

新疆和硕绿洲采集82个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用地统计法、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并讨论重金属主要来源。结果表明:(1)和硕绿洲农田土壤所有重金属元素含量平均值均未超出国家二级标准的限值,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的2.0、1.51、1.18、2.13和8.47倍。(2)农田土壤Cd与Zn呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。研究区PLI平均值呈现轻度污染。(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Cr、Zn与Pb。农田RI平均值属于轻微生态风险。重金属元素含量、污染与生态风险空间分布格局各不相同。(4)和硕绿洲农田土壤As、Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的影响,Cd受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。Cd是研究区农田土壤主要的污染因子之一,对农田土壤污染及潜在生态风险的贡献较大,农田土壤Cd污染值得关注。     

基于Meta分析的中国工矿业场地土壤重金属污染评价

工矿业活动是土壤重金属污染的重要来源之一.由于早期企业管理体系不完善和环保意识薄弱等原因,我国工矿业土壤环境问题突出.本文对2005—2022年中国知网、万方、Web of Science等数据库发表的关于我国工矿业土壤重金属污染的138篇文献(包含141处场地)进行Meta分析,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价我国工矿业地及周边土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、As的污染情况、分布特征及行业特征. Meta分析随机效应模型的计算结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,我国工矿业场地及周边土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、As的含量分别增加了897.42%、233.34%、232.34%、196.83%和171.29%.重金属污染分布结果显示,东南沿海及长三角等经济发达地区工矿业土壤污染更严重,北方地区污染较轻,Cd是首要污染物.从行业特征看,化石燃料开采场地及周边土壤中Pb、As含量与背景值差异不显著;有色金属矿开采导致土壤重金属含量显著升高,其中Cd污染十分突出,土壤Cd含量的增幅高达964.40%. 49.21%的有色金属矿区土壤存在极强潜在生态风险;化石燃料开采场区土壤污染较轻,潜在生态...     

矿区周边农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

为探索潼关矿区周边农田土壤重金属的空间分布及其生态风险,于2020年9月采集了潼关矿区周边的地表土壤样本,分析了样本中Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni、Zn和As这8种重金属元素的含量和分布特征,利用内梅罗综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数评价了土壤污染程度.结果表明,该地区8种重金属元素的含量均超标,超标率分别为97....     

兰州市黄河风情线地表积尘及周边绿地土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究城市滨河公园景区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险和健康风险,选择兰州市黄河风情线沿线的游园、广场和主题公园为研究区,分别采集了27个地表积尘和26个周边绿地表土样品.采用地累积指数(I_geo)、单因子污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(P_N)和改进的潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估Cr、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Cd、 Hg和Pb这8种重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险程度,并利用暴露风险模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤As含量的平均值略低于甘肃省土壤元素背景值,但地表积尘的其余元素均高于甘肃省和兰州市元素背景值,而周边绿地除Cr和Ni元素略低于甘肃省和兰州市的背景值之外,其余Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb含量的平均值却高于两者的背景值.地累积指数和单因子污染指数显示,研究区地表积尘受到Cr、 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染,沿途绿地土壤存在不同程度的Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Hg和Pb的污染.内梅罗综合污染指数表明,研究区地表积尘和周边绿地土壤的综合污染程...     

鄂西北某农田保护区土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解鄂西北农田土壤重金属污染状况,采集了湖北省某农田保护区89份表层土壤样品,运用多元统计分析法和潜在生态危害指数法研究了土壤重金属分布特征和生态风险。结果显示:研究区Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn、As和Hg具有不同程度的累积效应,Cd均值含量超过了不同p H条件下农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;多元统计分析结果显示:化肥、农药的不合理施用是Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn和As的主要来源,Cr、Pb来源于自然源,Hg主要来源于锅炉燃煤等人为污染源;单因子指数、综合污染指数和生态风险指数结果均表明,研究区具有较强的Cd污染风险,Cd是主要的污染因子。     

中原油田周边农田重金属含量特征、来源解析与风险评估

以中原油田周边农田为研究对象,分析了360个土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品中As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr含量,基于地统计法研究了土壤重金属的空间分布规律,利用内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价了农田土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险程度,利用多元统计分析法解析了土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明:土壤重金属的空间分布具有显著特征,Zn、Cr含量平均值是河南省土壤背景值的1～2倍且存在积累效应,其余重金属含量均低于河南省背景值;所有元素的变异系数均小于1,属于轻微变异性,Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验结果均为显著(P0.05),呈非正态分布,该区域土壤受人类活动的轻微影响;土壤重金属存在潜在生态风险且总体处于轻微水平,Cd风险指数范围为18.1～69.6,存在轻微至强生态风险,轻微风险指数占96%,为该研究区域土壤的主要生态危害元素;土壤中Ni、Cr、Cd的含量存在一定的相关性,主要受成土母质及地质活动的影响,As、Cu、Pb等重金属元素受油田开发、农业生产和当地居民生活污染等人类活动的影响;研究区土壤重金属含量都处于清洁范畴,仅0.3%的检测结果超过风险筛选值(GB 15618—2018);受自然积累和人类活动影响,研究区的Cr、As、Cd存在一定的潜在生态风险,但土壤环境质量总体处于安全水平。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.