两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二 相态分布特征

采集了机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85%以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤筒相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1%.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30%以上.     

电弧炉炼钢过程中二□英类的排放浓度和同类物分布

对国内某电弧炉炼钢设施的烟气和飞灰样品中二(噁)英类物质进行了采样分析.结果表明:炉内直接排烟和屋顶罩排烟烟气中的二(噁)英类毒性当量(TEQ)浓度平均值分别为0.13和0.17 ng/m3(均指I-TEQ当量);2种烟气的布袋飞灰中二(噁)英类毒性当量质量分数分别为7.5和55.0 ng/kg;PCDDs同类物的质量浓度随着氯取代数的增加而呈升高趋势,PCDFs实测质量浓度和毒性当量浓度均远大于PCDDs;排放分布特征表明,电弧炉炼钢设施排放的二(噁)英类生成机理应为从头合成反应.     

垃圾焚烧厂区二噁英污染及厂区工人呼吸暴露评估

通过对我国使用不同类型焚烧炉的两个城市垃圾焚烧厂进行环境空气采样及分析,初步评估两厂区活动场所内二英污染水平、污染特征,以及对污染物进行来源解析,初步评估职业人群在不同劳动强度下的二噁英暴露风险.结果表明:(1)两生活垃圾焚烧厂厂区环境空气的二噁英毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计)范围为0.034~2.152 pg·m-3,大部分点位的I-TEQ值都超过了环境空气质量标准,其中厂房焚烧炉后区域的毒性当量浓度较高.(2)焚烧厂环境空气中二英类化合物主要以OCDD和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD为主,其中焚烧炉类型为炉排炉的A厂工作场所内的环境空气受该厂焚烧烟气及飞灰一定的影响,而焚烧炉类型为循环流化床的B厂工作场所处空气受排放烟气的影响不大.(3)焚烧厂内二英个体呼吸暴露水平为0.01~1.10 pg·(kg·d)-1,部分个体的呼吸暴露值超过了评价限值,焚烧炉后为高暴露区域.     

燃油式火化机排放烟气中二□英类污染水平和排放特征

对国内6台燃油式火化机排放烟气中的二□英类污染水平和排放特征进行了初步研究.结果表明:烟气样品中ρ(二□英类)为9.2～120.0 ng/m3〔273.15 K,101.325 kPa,φ(O₂)为11%换算值〕,毒性当量(TEQ)浓度为1.0～8.1 ng/m3;所有烟气样品中二□英类同类物分布相似,17种2,3,7,8-氯代二□英类同类物被全部检出,其中2,3,4,7,8-P₅CDF对毒性当量浓度的贡献最大;ρ(PCDFs)高于ρ(PCDDs),ρ(T₄CDFs)在PCDFs中最高;燃烧控制和烟气处理措施是影响燃油式火化机二□英类生成和排放的重要因素.      

深圳市废弃物焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英含量水平和特征分析

采用同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)对深圳市8所垃圾焚烧厂飞灰中二噁英进行准确定量检测,分析比较不同炉型、不同种类废弃物焚烧厂飞灰中的二噁英浓度水平和分布情况.结果发现8所废弃物焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英浓度差异较大,5所往复炉排生活垃圾焚烧炉样品中二噁英的质量浓度和TEQ浓度平均值都小于热解型医疗垃圾焚烧炉.两所不同的工业危险废物焚烧炉中,以烧废物矿油的立式筒焚烧炉的二噁英含量远大于以焚烧电路板为主的回转窑焚烧炉.不同焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英异构体的浓度分布具有相类似的特征,高氯代二噁英的含量明显高于低氯代二噁英同系物.不同的PCDD/Fs单体对I-TEQ的贡献率在不同的焚烧设备中十分相似,2,3,4,7,8-Pe CDF、1,2,3,7,8-Pe CDD、2,3,4,6,7,8-Hx CDF 3种单体是TEQ浓度的主要贡献单体.在布袋除尘器前喷淋活性炭能有效吸附烟气中二噁英,将其转移到飞灰中.本研究是首次针对深圳市运行中的废弃物焚烧炉进行飞灰中二噁英排放分析,为二噁英排放监控提供重要的基础数据.     

垃圾焚烧厂区二(口恶)英污染及厂区工人呼吸暴露评估

通过对我国使用不同类型焚烧炉的两个城市垃圾焚烧厂进行环境空气采样及分析,初步评估两厂区活动场所内二（口恶）英污染水平、污染特征,以及对污染物进行来源解析,初步评估职业人群在不同劳动强度下的二（口恶）英暴露风险.结果表明：①两生活垃圾焚烧厂厂区环境空气的二（口恶）英毒性当量浓度（以I-TEQ计）范围为0.034~2.152 pg·m^-3,大部分点位的I-TEQ值都超过了环境空气质量标准,其中厂房焚烧炉后区域的毒性当量浓度较高.②焚烧厂环境空气中二（口恶）英类化合物主要以OCDD和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD为主,其中焚烧炉类型为炉排炉的A厂工作场所内的环境空气受该厂焚烧烟气及飞灰一定的影响,而焚烧炉类型为循环流化床的B厂工作场所处空气受排放烟气的影响不大.③焚烧厂内二（口恶）英个体呼吸暴露水平为0.01~1.10 pg·（kg·d）^-1,部分个体的呼吸暴露值超过了评价限值,焚烧炉后为高暴露区域.     

几种可能来源对广东某地空气中二(口恶)英的影响

采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱法（HRGC/HRMS）对广东某地生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边环境空气和可能来源的环境空气中17种二英进行了分析.讨论了所有样品中同系物、主要毒性贡献体的特性.并运用主成分和聚类分析法,探究了焚烧厂周边监测点位与焚烧厂排放烟气及可能来源的关系.结果表明周边空气中二英浓度低于焚烧厂烟道气,且不受主导风向的影响.在调查基础上,推断轮胎厂及露天焚烧为可能污染源.轮胎厂二英浓度均低于上风向监测点,露天焚烧空气中二英高于厂界外监测点.对各同类物百分比分析可知,烟道气和所有空气中主要同类物为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,但空气中同类物还包括OCDF;焚烧厂周边监测点与轮胎厂空气中二英单体百分浓度相似,烟气与露天焚烧中二英单体分布相似.进一步研究表明所有空气样品中单体1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF与总毒性当量浓度的线性相关系数分别为0.95和0.75,相关性较强.主成分分析及聚类分析表明垃圾焚烧厂对周边空气产生影响,轮胎厂对上风向产生影响,露天焚烧对厂界影响较小.     

医疗废物焚烧炉周边环境介质中二噁英的浓度、同系物分布与来源分析

采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱仪(HRGC/HRMS)测定了我国西北某医疗废物焚烧炉排放烟气及周边环境空气、土壤和植物样品中2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量和组成,并对周边环境中二噁英来源进行了初步解析.监测结果表明烟气中二噁英毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计)均值为184 ng·m-3,远超医疗废物焚烧废气排放标准限值(0.5 ng·m-3),环境空气、土壤和植物样本中二噁英毒性当量浓度均值分别为7.30 pg·m-3、52.5 pg·g-1、146 pg·g-1,均处于较高的污染水平.污染源下风向上的环境空气样品中二噁英浓度明显高于上风向上样品中的浓度,下风向样品中的浓度随与污染源距离的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高浓度的样本距污染源700 m左右.烟气样品2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs同类物单体质量浓度(毒性当量)分布特征与主导风下方向空气、土壤、植物样本中的具有较强的相似性.样本二噁英浓度空间分布特征、同类物分布特征及主成分分析数据均表明,该区域环境中二噁英主要来源于医疗废物焚烧烟气排放.     

医疗废物焚烧烟气中二(口恶)英排放特征研究

医疗废物焚烧是二(口恶)英排放的重点源,但缺乏对其系统、全面的研究,为进一步明确其二(口恶)英排放水平和分布特征,获得二(口恶)英排放监控的重要基础数据,以3处医疗废物焚烧炉为研究对象,采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪对烟气中二(口恶)英进行测定和分析。结果表明,烟气中二(口恶)英质量浓度均值为2.379 ng/Nm~3,毒性当量浓度均值为0.249 ng/I-TEQ Nm~3,达到国家排放标准;同系物指纹特征分布以PCDFs为主,质量浓度和毒性当量浓度贡献率最大的单体分别为1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF;2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对I-TEQ相关性最好,相关系数R~2达0.959,可作为指示单体;排放因子均值为6.087μg I-TEQ/t,明显高于生活垃圾焚烧炉,需引起更多关注。     

几种可能来源对广东某地空气中二噁英的影响

采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)对广东某地生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边环境空气和可能来源的环境空气中17种二噁英进行了分析.讨论了所有样品中同系物、主要毒性贡献体的特性.并运用主成分和聚类分析法,探究了焚烧厂周边监测点位与焚烧厂排放烟气及可能来源的关系.结果表明周边空气中二噁英浓度低于焚烧厂烟道气,且不受主导风向的影响.在调查基础上,推断轮胎厂及露天焚烧为可能污染源.轮胎厂二噁英浓度均低于上风向监测点,露天焚烧空气中二噁英高于厂界外监测点.对各同类物百分比分析可知,烟道气和所有空气中主要同类物为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF,但空气中同类物还包括OCDF;焚烧厂周边监测点与轮胎厂空气中二噁英单体百分浓度相似,烟气与露天焚烧中二噁英单体分布相似.进一步研究表明所有空气样品中单体1,2,3,7,8-Pe CDD和2,3,4,6,7,8-Hx CDF与总毒性当量浓度的线性相关系数分别为0.95和0.75,相关性较强.主成分分析及聚类分析表明垃圾焚烧厂对周边空气产生影响,轮胎厂对上风向产生影响,露天焚烧对厂界影响较小.     

Effects of inorganic chlorine source on dioxin formation using fly ash from a fluidized bed incinerator

Chlorine source is indispensable for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) formation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Inorganic chlorine compounds were employed in this study to investigate their effects on PCDD/F formation through heterogeneous synthesis on fly ash surfaces. A fly ash sample obtained from a fluidized bed incinerator was sieved to different size fractions which served as the PCDD/F formation sources. The capability of different metal chlorides which facilitate the formation of PCDDs/Fs was found to follow the trends: Na ＜ Mg ＜ K ＜ Al ＜ Ca, when two particle fractions of ＞177 μm and 104-125 μm were used in the experiments. However, the capability of NaCl, MgCl2 and KCl did not seem much different from each other, whereas CaCl2 and AlCl3 were much more active in PCDD/F formation. NaCl and MgCl2 were relatively effective to produce more PCDDs, while KCl, AlCl3 and CaCl2 generated more PCDFs during heterogeneous reactions occurring on fly ash. 2,3,7,8-TCDF was the most significant contributor to the toxicity of the PCDDs/Fs formed from inorganic chlorine sources. Decreasing the sizes of fly ash particles led to more active formation of PCDDs/Fs when NaCl was used as inorganic chlorine in the experiment. The highest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＜37 μm, while the lowest PCDDs/Fs produced from particles with size ＞177 μm. The toxicity generally increased with decreasing size of the fly ash particles. The formation of PCDDs was mainly facilitated by the two size fractions, 104-125 μm and ＜37 μm, while formation of PCDFs was favored by the two other size fractions, ＞177 μm and 53-104 μm.     

Detoxifying PCDD/Fs and heavy metals in fly ash from medical waste incinerators with a DC double arc plasma torch

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is regarded as a highly toxic waste because it contains high concentrations of heavy metals anddioxins, including polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDFs). Therefore fly ash from MWI must be appropriately treated before beingdischarged into the environment. A melting process based on adirect current thermal plasma torch has beendeveloped to convert MWI fly ash into harmless slag. The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in fly ash and vitrified slag were investigated using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, while the content of PCDD/Fs in the fly ashes and slags was measured using method 1613 of the US EPA. The experimental results show that thedecomposition rate of PCDD/Fs is over 99% in toxic equivalent quantity value and the leaching of heavy metals in the slag significantlydecreases after the plasma melting process. The produced slag has a compact and homogeneous microstructure withdensity of up to2.8 g/cm3 .     

Emission characteristics of dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fluidized-bed combustion of sewage sludge

Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Coal and calcium oxide (CaO) were added during the sewage sludge combustion tests to optimize combustion conditions and control SO2 emission. The results indicated that the flue gases emitted during mono-combustion of sewage sludge were characterized by relatively high concentrations of SO2, NOx and organic pollutants, due to the high sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile matter content of sewage sludge. The total 16 USEPA priority PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs produced from sewage sludge combustion were found to be 106.14 g/m3 and 8955.93 pg/m3 in the flue gas, respectively. In the case of cocombustion with coal (msludge/mcoal = 1:1), the 16 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentrations were markedly lower than those found during mono-combustion of sewage sludge. During co-combustion, a suppressant e ect of CaO on PCDD/Fs formation was observed.     

焚烧废气处理试验研究

介绍了有毒有害焚烧废气处理的原理及工艺流程,分析了焚烧废气中粉尘、HCl和NOx去除的原理,根据焚烧废气处理的试验结果,探讨了影响处理效果的因素.试验表明,在试验条件下,焚烧废气中的粉尘、NOx、HCl在吸收塔均达到较高的去除效率,其中粉尘的去除效率92%;NOx的去除效率平均58%,高的可达80%;HCl的去除效率平均达87%.随着液气比增大,其各种污染物的去除效率有所增加.     

PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.     

气相色谱／质谱（GC／MS）联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用

概述ＧＣ／ＭＳ联用在我国大气有机污染监测中的应用，介绍大气中有机污染物，如多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃、碳氢化合物、苯系物、恶臭、有机硫化合物、多组分有机污染物的测定。     

医疗垃圾焚烧炉的选型研究

医疗垃圾是一类危害极大的特殊废物。自20世纪50年代起,医疗垃圾的处理已引起世界各国的广泛重视。目前,国内外学者对医疗垃圾处理技术特别是医疗垃圾焚烧炉的研究日益丰富,已经取得了一定的研究成果。通过综合比较机械炉床水墙式焚烧炉、回转窑焚烧炉、控气式焚烧炉、流化床式焚烧炉等几种医疗垃圾焚烧炉,综合评定了各种焚烧炉的处理能力及优缺点。最后分析得出了该专利具有多方面的优点,更适合处理医疗垃圾。