蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响的试验研究

分别研究了无机碳源和有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮性能的影响。接种稳定运行的复合式UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器污泥至ASBR反应器进行批式试验,考察不同碳酸氢钠浓度及COD浓度条件下的氮素转化情况,研究碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响。厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的进水碳酸氢钠浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,超过30 mg/L时有机碳源的存在对厌氧氨氧化反应产生抑制作用,COD浓度超过60 mg/L时反应器表现出反硝化特性。无机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响表现在提供充足碳源和调节反应器pH的综合作用,较高浓度的COD对厌氧氨氧化反应具有抑制作用。     

铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响.短期实验结果表明,铜、锌离子对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能影响主要分为3个阶段.刺激阶段,Cu2+浓度0~1mg/L和Zn2+浓度0~4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,微生物活性受到刺激,氮去除速率迅速增加;稳定阶段,Cu2+浓度1~8mg/L时,氮去除速率处于稳定状态.抑制阶段,Cu2+浓度大于8mg/L和Zn2+大于4mg/L时,随着进水金属离子浓度的增加,氮去除速率逐步下降.Cu2+、Zn2+对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能长期影响表明,当进水Cu2+浓度达到4mg/L和Zn2+达到8mg/L时厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性将受到抑制.降低进水重金属浓度后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性可以得到恢复.厌氧氨氧化菌对Cu2+的敏感性强于Zn2+.     

Fe2+和Fe3+对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥研究了Fe离子浓度及价态变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响.短期浓度影响结果表明,当进水铁离子浓度由0升高到5 mg·L-1时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性因受刺激而逐渐增强;当进水铁离子浓度大于5 mg·L-1时,因厌氧氨氧化反应产碱,铁离子形成氢氧化物沉淀,生物活性未受到影响.不同价态铁离子浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响无明显区别.长期价态影响结果表明,经过71个周期培养,含Fe2+进水的厌氧氨氧化反应器R1脱氮效能(以氮计)由0.28 kg·(m3·d)-1升高到0.65 kg·(m3·d)-1,是含Fe3+进水反应器R2的1.28倍.因此Fe2+更适合厌氧氨氧化菌生长的需求.实验结果进一步表明,Fe3+易导致厌氧氨氧化反应器R2内氨氮过量转化,亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.17)明显低于含Fe2+进水的反应器R1内亚硝氮与氨氮转化比(1.24).     

生物膜反应器厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能研究

利用厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器,分别研究提高基质浓度和缩短水力停留时间(HRT)对提高反应器总氮容积去除负荷的影响。实验之前总氮容积去除负荷达到2.11kgN(/m·3d),总氮去除率为87.9%。以提高基质浓度的方式经过50d的培养,总氮容积去除负荷稳定在4.0kgN(/m·3d),进水总氮浓度从300mg/L逐渐提高到700mg/L,NH4+-N、NO2--N出水浓度分别达到70mg/L和100mg/L;以缩短HRT的方式经过55d的培养,总氮容积去除负荷达到7.0kgN(/m·3d),HRT由3h缩短至0.67h,NH4+-N、NO2--N出水浓度分别达到40mg/L和60mg/L。实验结果表明随着进水基质浓度的增加水中游离氨和亚硝酸的浓度随之增加,从而抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性,不利于反应器脱氮效能的提高。在相同总氮容积负荷下缩短HRT有利于厌氧氨氧化细菌的富集,但过短的HRT容易导致微生物流失。     

一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器的优化及其稳定性研究

采用一体化厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器(120L)处理高氨氮废水,研究系统总氮去除负荷提高和稳定性的影响因素.长期试验结果表明:该一体化厌氧氨氧化SBR反应器的最大总氮去除负荷为1.1kg/(m³·d),影响反应器运行稳定性的主要因素有:游离氨浓度、溶解氧浓度、絮体污泥和颗粒污泥相对比例等.在一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器中保持AOB和Anammox活性的相互匹配是维持系统稳定运行的关键因素.大量淘洗絮体污泥会造成氨氧化活性降低和溶解氧升高,从而引起总氮去除负荷下降.限制反应器负荷增加的主要因素有:(1)污泥随出水流失,体系污泥浓度保持恒定;(2)受溶解氧影响AOB和Anammox活性不能同时提高;(3)传质效率难以进一步提高.试验中发现总氮去除负荷和曝气量之间具有很好的相关性,反应器负荷波动时通过调整曝气量来调控反应状态,有利于一体化工艺的稳定运行.     

一体式厌氧氨氧化反应器常温运行与微生物群落研究

为明确温度对一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响,本研究通过降温实现了一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺22℃下的常温运行,探究了微生物活性和群落结构随温度的变化.反应器采用自配进水、间歇曝气方式运行,进水NH₄⁺-N浓度约254mgN/L,试验过程出水NO₂^--N浓度稳定在在10mg/L以下,但NO₃^--N随着降温有升高的趋势;总氮容积负荷在1.0~1.2g/（L·d）之间,总氮去除负荷在0.7~0.9g/（L·d）;总氮去除率在62%~88%.反应器颗粒污泥中AOB活性始终最高,NOB活性远低于AOB和AnAOB;温度降低NOB活性增加;AnAOB到22℃时活性明显下降,因此需特别关注该温度下反应器的运行工况.Ca.Brocadia是反应器内丰度最高的AnAOB,相对丰度为2.7%~15.1%;Nitrosomonas是反应器内丰度最高的AOB,相对丰度为2.8%~11.5%.研究发现降温使AnAOB的优势属从Ca.Jettenia变为Ca.Brocadia;即后者较前者在低温条件下更具优势.     

进水NO2--N浓度对厌氧氨氧化反应器的影响

为研究进水NO_2~--N浓度对厌氧氨氧化反应器的影响,以实验室培养的厌氧氨氧化菌为接种菌种,采用上流式厌氧氨氧化反应器,考察了进水中NO_2~--N浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌增殖速度、固碳量、微生物的变化情况的影响,发现进水亚硝酸盐氮对厌氧氨氧化反应器有很大的影响。当进水ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(NO_2~--N)约为41. 23,51. 63 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化菌的增殖速度最快为1. 7 mL/d,ρ(TS)为94. 03 g/L,最大比厌氧氨氧化活性(SAA)为0. 31 g/(g·d),去除率最高为91. 18%,固碳量为0. 71 mg/mg(N),微生物的丰富度最高,优势菌种Candidatus kuenenia基本未发生改变。若将进水ρ(NO_2~--N)增大为102. 99 mg/L时,Candidatus kuenenia丰度大量减少,厌氧氨氧化反应过程受到抑制,活性降低,厌氧氨氧化菌生长速度变慢。     

盐度对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行性能的影响

考察了厌氧氨氧化反应器处理高盐度、高浓度含氮废水的可行性.结果表明,高盐度显著抑制厌氧氨氧化活性,这种抑制具有可逆性.在30g·L-1(以NaCl计)盐度条件下,未驯化泻泥的厌氧氨氧化活性比对照(无盐水质条件)低67.5%;驯化污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性只比对照低45.1%.由高盐环境转移到低盐环境(无盐水)时,驯化污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性可提高43.1%.通过逐渐提高盐浓度,并调整反应器容积负荷避免基质抑制,可使厌氧氨氧化反应器适应30g·L-1(以NaCl计)盐度,其处理效能与对照期接近.但由于高盐度条件对厌氧氨氧化细菌生长的负面影响,反应器长期运行于高盐度条件下,容易出现功能衰退.     

磷酸盐对厌氧氨氧化活性污泥脱氮效能的影响

通过接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了磷酸盐浓度变化对厌氧氨氧化活性污泥脱氮效能长短期的影响,对其抑制动力学参数进行拟合,并基于荧光定量PCR的测定,分析了受磷酸盐抑制前后反应器中厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度的变化.短期研究结果表明,磷酸盐浓度小于30 mg·L~(-1)对厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能没有明显的影响;随着进水磷酸盐浓度的升高,氮去除速率呈加速下降趋势;磷酸盐浓度大于200 mg·L~(-1)时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性达到完全的抑制状态;采用Haldane抑制模型拟合磷酸盐抑制的动力学参数,所得半抑制常数为70.1 mg·L~(-1).长期研究结果表明,磷酸盐浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1)时,对厌氧氨氧化污泥脱氮效能的影响不大;磷酸盐浓度在70~90 mg·L~(-1)时,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性开始受到明显影响,经过一段时间可以有所恢复,但磷酸盐浓度越高,恢复所需时间越长;当磷酸盐浓度达到100 mg·L~(-1)时厌氧氨氧化污泥的脱氮效能受到严重抑制,氮去除速率由158.33 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)下降至60.17 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,抑制约62%.荧光定量PCR结果表明,抑制后的污泥体系中ANAMMOX菌细胞浓度由(9.97±0.86)×107cells·m L~(-1)下降至(8.26±0.54)×107cells·m L~(-1),有相对减少的趋势.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.