新型SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究

新型SBR工艺是在传统SBR工艺基础上进行改进,于反应器中加一隔板而成的。实验研究了不同的C/N、DO和好氧区与缺氧厌氧区体积比对同步硝化反硝化的影响,当进水CODCr、NH4+-N浓度分别为198~604、48.7~57.0 m g/L,DO浓度为1.0~3.0 m g/L时反应器中CODCr、NH4+-N去除率分别达到89.3%~93.4%、77.6%~97.5%。     

DO对SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的影响研究

实验研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮城市污水处理工艺。试验结果表明:DO是影响SBBR工艺实现同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素,将DO控制在2.8～4.0mg/L的范围内,可以取得较好同步硝化反硝化效果,总氮去除率可达67%以上。通过好氧反应过程中溶解氧在生物膜内反应扩散模型以及扫描电镜对生物膜的形态结构观察,分析了SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化机理。SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化主要是由微环境引起的,生物膜在好氧条件下能创造缺氧微环境,DO浓度直接影响生物膜内部好氧区与缺氧区比例的大小,进而影响硝化和反硝化的效果。DO浓度升高,使氧传递能力增强,使生物膜内部原来的微环境由缺氧性转为好氧性;反之DO浓度降低,生物膜内部微环境倾向于向缺氧或厌氧发展。     

新型SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的研究

新型SBR工艺是在传统SBR工艺基础上进行改进，于反应器中加一隔板而成的。实验研究了不同的C／N、DO和好氧区与缺氧厌氧区体积比对同步硝化反硝化的影响，当进水CODcr NH4^＋-N浓度分别为198-604、48．7～57．0mg／L，DO浓度为1．0～3．0mg／L时反应器中CODcr、NH4^＋-N去除率分别达到89．3％～93．4％、77．6％～97．5％。     

低DO硝化耦合内碳源反硝化脱氮处理生活污水

为了进一步合理利用碳源,降低曝气能耗,有效解决低C/N生活污水的脱氮问题,采用2个串联的SBR在无外加碳源的条件下处理低C/N实际生活污水,分别启动内碳源反硝化反应器（ED-SBR）和低DO硝化反应器（LDON-SBR）,并按照厌氧（ED-SBR）-好氧（LDON-SBR）-缺氧（ED-SBR）的方式运行,综合考察各反应器处理性能,并探讨低DO硝化耦合内碳源反硝化工艺脱氮的可行性.结果表明：LDON-SBR反应器在DO浓度为0.3~0.5mg/L的条件下能够成功实现90%以上的硝化并稳定维持,同时反应器存在明显的同步硝化反硝化（SND）现象,SND率可达29.6%;ED-SBR反应器在厌氧阶段能够将进水中的有机物转化为内碳源并储存,在缺氧阶段能够进行内源反硝化,使NO₃^--N平均浓度从27.3mg/L降低至3.9mg/L,NO₃^--N平均去除率为86.5%;系统整体COD去除率为80%左右.     

厌氧-好氧-缺氧短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺研究

构建了主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺,并在常温条件下用于生活污水的处理.研究发现,通过调节反应器内好氧区的pH(8.2～8.7)和溶解氧(DO为3～5mg·L-1)能实现该工艺的快速启动,在好氧区内实现亚硝酸盐的累积.在稳定运行期内,DO是影响短程硝化的主要影响因素,好氧1区DO控制在1.5～2.0mg·L-1,好氧2区DO控制在0.5～1.0mg·L-1,好氧区内亚硝酸盐氮累积浓度稳定在5～10mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达到90%以上.各反应单元内碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对除磷贡献的研究表明,该工艺的缺氧段实现了在不外加碳源的情况下以亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐共同作为电子受体的反硝化除磷,反硝化除磷量占系统总除磷量的80%以上.     

污水生物处理过程中的同步硝化反硝化研究概况

在好氧生物氧化过程中通过控制反应器内 DO浓度、C/N比、污泥负荷的条件下 ,观察到较明显的同步硝化反硝化现象 ,通过控制反应条件 ,可使硝化、反硝化速率都得以同步提高。     

实际生活污水短程/全程硝化反硝化处理中试研究

常温条件下,用A/O生物脱氮工艺中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,控制好氧区低DO浓度(0.5 mg/L),实现了短程硝化反硝化反应,亚硝酸氮平均积累率可达85%或更高.研究了低DO短程硝化反硝化、低DO全程硝化反硝化和高DO全程硝化反硝化3种运行方式或状态在总氮去除率、耗氧量、污泥性能和反应机理上的差别.结果表明,短程硝化反硝化是生物脱氮的最优运行方式,它可有效提高系统脱氮率、降低运行费用.短程硝化反硝化过程中缺氧区和好氧区的pH值变化幅度较大;而全程硝化反硝化过程中,缺氧区pH值变化很小或基本不变化,好氧区pH值变化幅度较大.全程硝化和短程硝化的硝化速率相差不大,但短程反硝化速率和全程反硝化速率相比增加了15%.可以应用DO和pH在线控制A/O工艺硝化反应过程.     

曝气压力对MABR中同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

以模拟生活污水为研究对象,探讨膜曝气生物反应器(MABR)推流运行时不同曝气压力下不同点位分布的溶解氧值特征;利用MABR可形成好氧/缺氧/厌氧的环境特性,针对曝气压力对MABR同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果的影响进行研究,借助微生物鉴定手段对MABR的群落结构进行分析。研究结果表明:相同曝气压力下的DO值,轴向上波动较大,径向上以曝气膜为中心向外部逐渐降低;随着曝气压力的增加,不同点位分布的DO值均提高,同步硝化反硝化效率先升高后降低。当曝气压力为0.04MPa时出水的同步硝化反硝化脱氮效果最佳为74.67%。在此曝气压力下,微生物群落鉴定证明生物膜内出现了好氧-兼氧的分层现象,生物膜内由好氧菌、兼氧菌共同完成硝化、反硝化过程,主体液料由厌氧菌作为优势菌群进行反硝化作用,并且根据未检测出厌氧氨氧菌的鉴定结果排除发生厌氧氨氧化的干扰。     

复合式生物反应器硝化反硝化性能研究

复合式生物反应器填料内部存在多种多样的微环境类型,从而形成微观的好氧/缺氧/厌氧环境,造成同步硝化/反硝化反应的发生。在一定浓度范围内,硝化反应和反硝化反应的比基质消耗速率与基质浓度成零级动力学反应。好氧区悬浮污泥比NH3-N降解速率为0.236/d,反硝化速率为0.0627/d;缺氧区悬浮污泥比NH3-N降解速率为0.0973/d,反硝化速率为0.231/d。出水中可以检出大量的亚硝态氮和硝态氮,二者的浓度保持相同的变化趋势,其比值大约为1.78,出现了稳定的NO2--N的积累。     

强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能的运行控制策略

以啤酒废水为研究对象,重点考察了如何强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能,从而提高营养物去除效果、并实现节能的目的.试验中建立了3种运行控制策略:(1)根据缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐的浓度控制内循环回流量;(2)调节厌氧/缺氧/好氧区体积比以减少厌氧区出水剩余COD对缺氧磷吸收的影响;(3)向缺氧区引入旁流并调节旁流比.试验结果表明,当缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐浓度控制在1～3 mg·L-1时,不仅可强化反硝化除磷效果,而且可以节省内循环所需能耗;厌氧/缺氧/好氧区最佳体积比为1/1/2;旁流的引入可以提高低C/N比条件下TN的去除,最优旁流比为0.32.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.