Cu2+对两种生态型鸭跖草Cu积累和抗氧化酶的影响

在Hoagland培养基中加入CuSO4模拟Cu2 污染环境,比较了不同Cu2 浓度([Cu2 ])对鸭跖草(Commelina communis L.)耐性生态型和敏感生态型的耐性、Cu积累和抗氧化酶[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)]的影响.结果表明,两种生态型鸭跖草的Cu2 中毒临界浓度和中毒症状有明显的差异,[Cu2 ]≥40祄ol/L时,耐性生态型鸭跖草的耐性明显高于敏感生态型.耐性生态型鸭跖草叶和根中的Cu2 含量都明显高于敏感生态型,根中更为明显.不同生态型甚至同一生态型不同器官的POD、CAT、SOD活性对Cu2 的敏感性不同.一般来说,根对Cu2 的敏感性高于叶;POD活性对Cu2 的敏感性高于CAT和SOD.根比叶在清除丙二醛(MDA)的过程中起更重要作用.耐性生态型鸭跖草叶和根中CAT、POD和SOD活性、叶中MDA的变化并没有与根中MDA含量的变化趋势(大幅增加)保持一致,表明除了抗氧化酶外,可能还存在其他机制影响耐性生态型与敏感生态型鸭跖草在Cu2 耐性上的差异.     

铬胁迫下再力花的生长、铬积累及亚细胞分布

在小型模拟湿地系统开展盆栽实验,研究Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫对再力花(Thalia dealbata)的生长、各器官中Cr含量、积累量及其亚细胞分布的影响。结果表明,Cr胁迫下各器官生物量表现为:根>茎>叶,且在铬处理浓度为40 mg/L时各种生长指标(包括株高、根长、生物量)均达到最大。随着Cr胁迫浓度的增加,再力花根、茎、叶中Cr含量显著增加。在相同Cr浓度处理时,Cr含量和积累量总趋势为:根>茎>叶。再力花根、叶中Cr大部分存在于细胞壁、胞液中,少量分布在细胞器中,分布趋势为细胞壁>胞液>细胞器。然而,茎中Cr大部分存在于细胞器中(51.97%~61.19%),在细胞壁和胞液中较少。再力花对铬的耐性指数和滞留率随着Cr处理浓度的增加而显著上升,且Cr转运系数较低,根部对Cr的固持能力较强,而且地上部分(叶、茎)对铬的富集系数较高(最大值为3.05)。综上,再力花具有较强的铬积累力与耐受力,在修复水体重金属铬污染中具有潜在的应用价值。     

根分泌物与微生物对污染土壤重金属活性的影响

研究了铜富集植物海州香薷(Elsholtziasplendens)和鸭跖草(Commelinacommunis)根分泌物,以及假单胞菌(P.aeruginosaZD4-3)和白腐真菌(P.Chrysosprim)对污染土壤重金属活性的影响.结果表明,海州香薷和鸭跖草根分泌物对污染土壤中Cu有一定的活化能力,不同处理间差异不大,鸭跖草根分泌物对Cu的活化能力大于海州香薷.不同处理根分泌物中有机酸种类或含量有所差异,但主要以草酸和出峰时间为6.5min左右的未知有机酸为主.假单胞菌对污染土壤Cu、Pb和Zn有很强的活化作用;白腐真菌对Cu、Zn有活化作用,对Pb则表现为固定作用,海州香薷根分泌物降低了供试假单胞菌对重金属的活化效果,但增加了白腐真菌对重金属的活化效果.     

多氯联苯对两种红树植物光合作用和相对生长速率的影响

研究了多氯联苯(PCBs)对红树植物秋茄和桐花树的光合作用及相对生长速率的影响。结果表明,在所设PCBs浓度范围内,秋茄和桐花树能保持相对正常的光合色素水平,桐花树幼苗叶片的叶绿素a+b含量降低的幅度要小于秋茄,而叶绿素a/b值升高的幅度也小于秋茄;各浓度组秋茄和桐花树幼苗根和茎的干物重与鲜重的比值与对照相比均无显著性差异,桐花树幼苗茎的干物重与鲜重的比值小于秋茄,而根的干物重与鲜重的比值大于秋茄;各浓度PCBs对秋茄和桐花树幼苗的相对生长速率均具有促进作用,桐花树幼苗的相对生长速率小于秋茄。研究表明:两种红树植物在所设PCBs浓度范围内,均能正常生长,对PCBs均具有较强的耐性,而且桐花树幼苗对PCBs的耐性要强于秋茄。     

蓖麻对镉的耐性、积累及与镉亚细胞分布的关系

本研究以淄蓖麻3号为供试材料,通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、10、25、50、100、200、400μmol·L-1)对蓖麻生理特性、镉积累和亚细胞分布特征的影响,揭示镉细胞分布特征对镉耐性与积累的影响.结果表明,镉处理对蓖麻叶片丙二醛含量影响不显著,叶绿素含量则对镉具有较强的敏感性,可作为蓖麻镉耐性的评价指标.随着营养液镉含量的增加,蓖麻根、茎、叶镉含量均呈上升趋势,各器官镉含量呈现出根茎叶的分配特征,根系对镉具有较强的积累能力和滞留作用.镉在蓖麻根系和叶片各亚细胞组分的含量均为可溶组分细胞壁细胞器,随着镉胁迫的增加,蓖麻根系细胞壁中镉的相对含量呈增加趋势,可见液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持是蓖麻应对镉胁迫的重要耐性机制.镉在蓖麻体内的茎-叶转移系数为0.35~0.62,而根-茎转移系数仅为0.02~0.11,可见镉从根系向茎的转移能力较弱是降低蓖麻地上部镉富集的重要原因.统计分析表明,蓖麻根系镉的亚细胞分布特征对镉从根向茎的迁移转化能力有显著影响.根-茎转移系数随着根系细胞壁和细胞器镉分配比例的增加而递减,随可溶组分镉分配比例的增加而递增.     

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

铜、砷单一及复合污染对黑藻的毒性效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究了铜(Cu)、五价砷〔As(Ⅴ)〕单一及复合污染对黑藻〔Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle〕生长、富集Cu和As的能力以及对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.毒性测试结果表明,Cu和As(Ⅴ)对黑藻的4 d-EC₅₀分别为2和12 μmol/L,单一Cu对黑藻的毒性远高于As(Ⅴ). 复合污染试验结果表明,对于5 μmol/L As(Ⅴ)处理组,低浓度Cu〔c(Cu)<2 μmol/L〕的加入,促进了植物生长,降低了植物体内的As总量〔w(As)〕,同时降低了植物体中占主要部分的三价砷的含量(w〔As(Ⅲ)〕). 对于Cu处理组,As(Ⅴ)的加入同样抑制了黑藻对Cu的富集,SOD活性也高于单一Cu处理,可见在低浓度Cu处理下,Cu和As(Ⅴ)之间存在拮抗作用;而高浓度Cu〔c(Cu)≥2 μmol/L〕的加入,虽然植物对Cu和As(Ⅴ)的富集与单一Cu和As(Ⅴ)处理相比均显著降低,但植物生长受到抑制,SOD活性与单一处理相比也显著降低(P<0.05),因此高浓度Cu处理下,二者对黑藻毒性起协同作用. 总之,黑藻具有应用于处理低浓度Cu和As(Ⅴ)单一及复合污染水体的潜力.      

柳树对Cd吸收、积累和耐性的初步研究

柳树以其特有的生物学特性,对环境Cd污染具有一定的吸收蓄积能力.对2个杂交柳无性系进行了水培试验,周期为34 d.结果表明:随着溶液中ρ(Cd)的增大和处理时间的延长,叶片中的Cd含量增加.在溶液中ρ(Cd)为0～20 mg/L时,2个无性系叶片中的Cd含量在处理后15 d前增加速度慢,15 d后增加速度快,叶片中Cd含量受溶液中不同ρ(Cd)的影响其无性系表现亦不同.不同器官中的Cd含量表现为根＞叶片＞茎,1号无性系根系中Cd含量小于3号无性系,茎和叶片中Cd含量大于3号无性系.在溶液中ρ(Cd)为0～20 mg/L时,2个无性系各器官的Cd吸收量均表现为根＞叶片＞茎,1号无性系各器官的Cd吸收量大于3号无性系.在溶液中ρ(Cd)为5 mg/L时,Cd大部分留在根系中;随着ρ(Cd)的增大,地上部分迁移量增加.在溶液中ρ(Cd)小于20 mg/L时,Cd胁迫对柳树生长无显著抑制作用.      

两个海州香薷种群根对Cu的吸收及Cu诱导的ATP酶活性差异

通过水培实验,比较分析了分别来自湖北省铜绿山矿区和红安非矿区的海洲香薷种群根对铜的抗性和对Cu的吸收累积差异,同时应用微囊膜技术进行了ATPase的诱导和活性测定.结果发现,来自铜绿山种群植物的铜耐受性明显高于红安种群,在20μmol·L-1 Cu处理时红安种群根尖开始变黑,生长明显受到抑制;而铜绿山种群在80μmol·L-1 Cu处理时仍然能正常生长;在所有Cu处理中,铜绿山种群植物根的Cu含量明显低于红安种群.Cu诱导的ATPase活性在铜绿山种群根质膜有明显的变化,在1μmol·L-1 Cu处理时,其活性显著增加,5μmol·L-1 Cu处理时,其活性先到达高峰而后降低;而红安种群则没有出现Cu诱导的ATPase活性的升高,除了100μmol·L-1 Cu明显降低了ATPase活性外,其它处理则没有显著的变化.在还原型谷光苷肤(GSH)存在的条件下,Cu诱导的ATPase活性在铜绿山种群中显著提高,且有明显的Cu浓度效应,而红安种群虽有提高但没有浓度效应.这些结果表明,矿区种群根细胞中可能存在Cu-ATPase,该酶在根的Cu吸收运输方面可能起重要的调节作用,从而使其具有较高的Cu抗性.     

Cu暴露条件下翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)消化腺内金属和类金属硫蛋白的变化

通过室内急性暴露实验研究了翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)消化腺富集Cu及其MTLP(metallothionein like protein)水平随时间的变化规律.结果表明,2种Cu浓度暴露条件下(12.7μg/L和63.5 μg/L),贻贝消化腺内Cu的平均吸收速率分别为2.045和7.028μg/·(g·d)-1,富集系数分别为2 074和1 619.实验测定了所有样本的溶解态Cu与总Cu含量,2个暴露组二者的比值随时间呈现出不同的变化趋势,低浓度组先降低随后上升到与对照样本几乎相同的水平,而高浓度组一直呈下降趋势,表明不同污染程度生物体内金属消化机制进程存在差异.利用Brdicka极谱法测定了贻贝消化腺内MTLP的含量,对照组贻贝消化腺的MTLP平均含量为(0.551±0.037)mg/g;12.7 μg/L Cu暴露组MTLP含量随时间的变化范围是0.407～0.699 mg/g,而63.5 μg/L Cu暴露组在暴露初始MTLP水平就显著增加(p＜0.001),变化范围由初始0.942 mg/g降至0.826 mg/g.分析结果表明贻贝消化腺内的MTLP水平随着水体及生物体内的金属含量升高而增加,并与体内Cu浓度成明显的负指数增长关系(p＜0.0001).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.