磺胺嘧啶胁迫下作物根际微生物群落结构响应

为了研究在磺胺类兽药胁迫下,两种作物在不同生长期根际微生物群落结构的响应,采用室内根际箱培养实验,测定玉米、小麦根际微界面土壤磷脂脂肪酸的量,研究在磺胺嘧啶（SD）胁迫下,不同作物根际土壤微界面微生物群落结构的空间变化.结果表明,SD对根际微生物活性的有抑制作用,且强度随浓度增加而增强.同一浓度SD作用下,根际微界面微生物生物量不同,在实验中,根际3mm和根室的微生物生物量最大,且二者之间差异不显著.不同微生物对根际效应敏感程度不同,细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、蓝细菌和硫酸盐还原菌根际效应明显.在SD胁迫下,根际不同微界面土壤微生物群落结构变化明显.细菌、G⁺、G^-、放线菌的生物量,随SD浓度升高而下降,主要表现为抑制效应,而对真菌生物量则表现为激活效应,生物量增加. 小麦根际土壤真菌：细菌（F/B）随SD浓度的升高,比值增大,在高浓度（5mg/kg）胁迫下,F/B比值最大（0.74）,与对照差异显著（P < 0.05）,说明土壤污染修复能力增强,而sat/mono比值在高浓度SD胁迫下降低,说明微生物群落结构向有利于SD降解的方向转化.根际效应有助于SD的降解,在1mg/kg SD作用下,小麦根际土壤降解率为7.01%,而非根际土壤降解率仅为2.49%,不同作物表现出的根际效应强弱不同,玉米根际效应强于小麦.     

低温域湿地植物根际硝化强度及氨氧化微生物研究

以低温域(0~15 ℃)下黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)3种湿地植物为研究对象,分别取其根际土壤测定硝化强度,并采用FISH(荧光原位杂交)技术,考察植物根际AOB(氨氧化细菌)、AOA(氨氧化古菌)的数量变化规律. 结果表明:低温条件下,香蒲根际土壤的硝化强度最高,平均值为1.40 mg/(kg·h),黄菖蒲和菖蒲的平均值均为0.96 mg/(kg·h). 湿地植物根际土壤中的细菌数量(数量级为1010)远高于古菌(数量级为108),其中AOB为优势菌种,3种湿地植物的AOA数量分别约占总古菌数量的46.0%、47.9%和49.7%. 3种湿地植物根际AOB的数量(以湿土计,下同)排序为香蒲(2.57×109 g-1)>黄菖蒲(1.23×109 g-1)≈菖蒲(1.14×109 g-1),AOA的数量(以湿土计)排序为黄菖蒲(2.78×108 g-1)>香蒲(2.57×108 g-1)>菖蒲(1.15×108 g-1). 微生物分布特性和硝化作用效果均表明,不同植物根际氨氧化过程的主要作用微生物具有一定差异,AOA和AOB对于湿地土壤氮转化均具有不可忽视的作用,并与植物本体、土壤硝化过程微环境之间有一定的耦合关系.      

腐植酸对李氏禾-红壤处理系统中铬赋存形态、微生物群落及酶活性的影响

研究了不施加和施加10g/kg腐植酸后,李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)-红壤处理系统中基质和李氏禾体内铬赋存形态、微生物群落数量及酶活性的变化。结果表明:施加腐植酸后,基质中以残渣态铬为主;李氏禾茎叶中以残渣态铬为主,根中则以盐酸提取态铬为主。腐植酸能显著促进细菌、真菌和放线菌生长繁殖,3大菌群数量最大值分别为6.76×107,4.48×107,7.71×107CFU/g。酶活性分析表明,施加腐植酸有利于提高蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,降低过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶酶活性。相关性分析表明,多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均与细菌数量和腐植酸浓度呈负相关,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量与腐植酸浓度呈正相关。3大菌群数量均与基质残渣态铬含量呈正相关。蔗糖酶与基质和李氏禾体内铬形态含量均呈负相关;多酚氧化酶活性与李氏禾体内大部分铬形态含量呈正相关。     

关帝山不同海拔土壤碳矿化和微生物特征

以山西省关帝山不同海拔的8个样地土壤为研究对象,分析不同海拔土壤碳氮含量、土壤碳矿化和细菌、真菌、放线菌、固氮菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌6类微生物量的变化.结果表明,海拔为2163m时,土壤有机碳和活性碳1（LC1）最高,分别为74.41和6.72g/kg,在海拔2700m总氮含量最高为6.54g/kg.土壤碳矿化累积量和碳矿化速率因海拔的升高而显著增加（P<0.05）,土壤碳矿化累积量和活性碳2（LC2）之间有显著正相关.土壤细菌、放线菌和固氮菌的数量在海拔为1791m时最高,分别为3.41×10⁶、1.90×10⁶和1.21×10⁶个/g,细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌的数量随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降,与海拔之间呈显著负相关;相反,硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量却逐渐增加,在海拔为2700m时最高,分别为1.37×10⁴和6.02×10³个/g,它们与海拔和总氮之间的关系呈显著正相关（P<0.01）.总之,土壤有机碳、总氮、碳矿化累积量、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌随海拔显著增加,而细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌随海拔的变化呈相反的趋势.     

基于高通量测序检测Pb污染对三叶草根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

为了研究Pb污染对根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,揭示根际微生物对Pb胁迫的适应性机制,通过盆栽试验模拟轻度[w（Pb）为300 mg/kg]、中度[w（Pb）为600 mg/kg]和重度[w（Pb）为900 mg/kg]Pb污染土壤环境,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析方法,测定了不同w（Pb）处理下三叶草根际土壤中细菌群落的丰度和组成.结果表明:①共检测到37个门,其中变形菌门为优势菌群,占比为50.7%~53.9%,其次为拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门和疣微菌门. ②共检测到623个属,其中鞘氨醇单胞菌属为优势菌属,占比为17.1%~19.4%. ③中度Pb污染土壤样本中细菌的多样性最高,重度Pb污染土壤样本中的细菌数量最少,并且其群落组成与其他处理差异最大.研究显示,重度Pb污染会显著抑制三叶草根际土壤样本中细菌的生长,降低土壤样本中细菌总量及其群落的多样性,但中度Pb污染会提高土壤样本中细菌群落的多样性. Pb污染会改变三叶草根际土壤样本中细菌群落组成和丰度,不同类型细菌对Pb污染土壤的适应性不同.根际土壤样本中Gp1菌群的丰度随着土壤w（Pb）的增加而增加,说明Gp1菌群可能是具有Pb污染抗性的优势菌群.      

菲、芘污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对土壤酶活性的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对菲、芘复合污染土壤中微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明,接种AMF显著增加了三叶草根际和菌丝际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并对微生物区系有选择性.在供试菲、芘污染浓度范围内,低浓度菲、芘对土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性有激活作用;但当菲、芘浓度升高时,3种酶活性受到抑制.与无植物对照土壤相比,接种AMF后三叶草菌根际酸性磷酸酶活性降低了2.4%~23.1%,过氧化氢酶活性增加了12.6%~20.3%,除高浓度处理外多酚氧化酶活性均增加;菌丝际多酚氧化酶活性比菌根际低12.9%~62.9%,酸性磷酸酶活性比菌根际高3.3%~24.0%,过氧化氢酶活性则高于菌根际.     

小麦根际优势菌对畜禽用抗生素的敏感性研究

文章通过培养的方法分析了小麦根际微生物的群落结构以及对常用畜禽用抗生素的敏感性,研究结果表明,小麦根际土壤微生物总数为5.251×108cfu/g,其中细菌占绝对优势,占总菌数的99.04%,放线菌占0.09%,真菌占0.06%。从中分离出10株优势细菌,经过分子生物学鉴定均与芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)亲缘关系较近。这10株优势菌对土霉素和四环素的敏感性研究结果表明,大部分菌株对土霉素的敏感性高于四环素,不同的菌株对同一种抗生素的敏感性差异较大。10株菌对土霉素的敏感浓度在10～100μg/L之间,对四环素的敏感浓度在100～500μg/L之间。     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

稀土元素镧对红壤微生物区系的影响

通过纯培养试验、室内培养试验和水稻盆栽试验研究了稀土元素镧对红壤微生物区系的影响 .结果表明 :镧对纯培养细菌、放线菌、真菌均有较强的毒害作用 .对镧的敏感性顺序为 :放线菌 >细菌 >真菌 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌的作用不明显 ,在高浓度下 ,表现为抑制作用 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤硝化细菌有强烈的刺激作用 ,最大刺激率达到 70 % ,随着浓度的升高则产生抑制作用并不断增强 .镧对土壤反硝化细菌作用不明显 .在低浓度下 ,镧对土壤自生固氮菌有某些刺激作用 ,随着浓度的升高 ,则产生显著的抑制作用 .土壤硝化细菌可以作为稀土对作物增产效应的指示菌 ,硝化细菌和自生固氮菌可以作为稀土污染土壤生态环境的指示菌 .外源稀土对红壤微生物区系产生抑制作用的临界浓度在 150 mg/ kg左右 .     

Cd对欧美杂交杨生长紫色土和冲积土微生物多样性的影响

研究了现实环境中cd污染水平对长江流域典型土壤微生物多样性的影响,分析了现实Cd浓度胁迫对盆栽欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生长的紫色土和冲积土中可培养的微生物数量、生物量和细菌群落多样性的影响．结果表明,cd处理显著增加了栽植杨树的紫色土中可培养细菌和放线菌数量,降低了可...     

紫外辐射增加对春小麦根际土壤微生物种群数量的影响

研究了大田栽培和自然光条件下,模拟紫外辐射（UB-B,280－315nm）增加对春小麦根际土壤微生物种群数量的影响。UV－B辐射能显著降低细菌总数以及放线菌和真菌数量;UV－B辐射对好氧性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌、反硝化细菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌和解磷细菌数量也有显著的影响,但这种影响具有生育期之间的差异,春小麦根际土壤微生物种群数量与土壤营养成分有关。     

Cd胁迫下城郊农业土壤微生物活性对生物炭输入的响应

为了探究Cd胁迫下生物炭输入对城郊农业土壤微生物活性的影响,通过室内培养试验,分析CK处理(风干土壤)、Cd处理(风干土壤+外源Cd)、CdBC处理〔风干土壤+外源Cd+2%生物炭,即生物炭与土壤(以湿质量计)质量比为2%〕、BC处理(风干土壤+2%生物炭)对土壤呼吸、土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响. 结果表明:整个培养期(0~60 d)内,各处理下土壤CO₂累积释放量表现为CK处理＜Cd处理＜CdBC处理＜BC处理. 与CK处理相比,CdBC处理下生物炭输入能显著增加土壤CO₂累积释放量(P＜0.05),增幅为43.6%,并且土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量也有显著增加(P＜0.05),增幅分别达到12.7%、62.7%、18.7%. Cd胁迫对土壤酶活性的抑制表现为蔗糖酶＜脲酶＜中性磷酸酶,抑制率分别为3.5%、6.8%、18.0%. 生物炭输入可使受Cd胁迫的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶的活性有所增强,增幅分别为15.0%、18.4%. 可见,生物炭输入可在不同程度上缓解Cd胁迫对蔗糖酶、脲酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响.      

土壤中残留毒死蜱的作物效应

应用盆栽实验和室内分析方法,研究了红壤中残留毒死蜱农药对小麦、油菜苗生长及其对农药吸收的影响.结果表明,红壤中残留毒死蜱初始浓度为1～10μg/g,20d后,小麦苗地上部吸收的浓度可达0.257～4.50μg/g,油菜苗地上部吸收浓度可达到0.249～2.02μg/g;红壤中残留毒死蜱浓度低于10μg/g,对小麦苗地上部鲜重没有显著影响,低于5μg/g,对油菜苗地上部鲜重没有显著影响;残留毒死蜱在油菜苗根际的降解比非根际快1.4～4.2倍;油菜苗根际土细菌、真菌数量分别是非根际土的3.18倍、1.84倍,而放线菌数量差异不大;根际土比非根际土pH值低约0.19～0.23.     

Effects of combination of plant and microorganism on degradation of simazine in soil

The degradative characteristics of simazine （SIM）, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria and most probably number （MPN） of SIM degraders in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non- rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg SIM/kg soil, the half-lives of SIM in the four treated soils were measured to be 73.0, 52.9, 16.9, and 7.8 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The experimental results indicated that higher degradation rates of SIM were observed in rhizosphere soils, especially in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of SIM were closely related to microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but did little to influence those community components responsible for SIM degradation. This suggested that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides was a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.     

城市污泥和粉煤灰配施影响砂化土壤微生物区系的实验研究

目前,对利用城市污泥和粉煤灰改良土壤的研究大多集中在二者对土壤理化特性、作物产量以及重金属累积的影响等方面,而对土壤微生物区系进行研究的相对较少。为了了解城市污泥和粉煤灰改良砂化土壤对土壤微生物区系的影响,文章对包头试验田改良前后土壤微生物区系进行了比较,研究发现,刚刚改良后,土壤中微生物数量较对照组明显增加;在改良后的最初2个月内,细菌和放线菌的数量有所减少,真菌数量少量增加;改良后2～5个月内,改良后土壤中微生物数量较对照组增加幅度显著,细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别增加79.53%～589.76%,46.53%～270%,61.92%～143.59%,且微生物数量增加的幅度随着时间的延长,呈上升的趋势。     

Rhizobacteria helps to explain the enhanced efficiency of phytoextraction strengthened by Streptomyces pactum

The ultimate purpose of phytoextraction is not only to remove heavy metals from soil but also to improve soil quality. Here, we evaluated how the joint effect of Streptomyces pactum (strain Act12) and inorganic (Hoagland's solution) and organic (humic acid and peat) nutrients affected the phytoextraction practice of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) by potherb mustard, and the microbial community composition within rhizosphere was also investigated. The results indicated that the nutrients exerted synergistically with Act12, all increasing the plant biomass and Cd/Zn uptakes. The inoculation of Act12 alone significantly increased dehydrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil (P < 0.05), while urease and alkaline phosphatase activities varied in different dosage of Act12. Combined application of microbial strain with nutrients increased enzymatic activities with the elevated dosage of Act12. 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Act12 inoculation reduced the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria. The Act12 and nutrients did not change dominant phyla i.e., Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, but their relative abundance differed among the treatments with: Peat > Act12 > Humic acid > Hoagland's solution. Comparatively, Sphingomonas replaced Thiobacillus as dominant genus after Act12 application. The increase in the Sphingomonas and Flavisolibacter abundances under Act12 and nutrients treatments gave rise to growth-promoting effect on plant. Our results revealed the important role for rhizosphere microbiota in mediating soil biochemical traits and plant growth, and our approach charted a path toward the development of Act12 combined with soil nutrients to enhance soil quality and phytoextraction efficiency in Cd/Zn-contaminated soils.     

Plant enhanced degradation of phenanthrene in the contaminated soil

The degradative characteristics ofphenanthrene, microbial biomass carbon, plate counts ofheterotrophic bacteria and most probable number （MPN） of phenanthrene degraders in non-rhizosphere or rhizosphere soils with uninoculating or inoculating phenanthrene degraders were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg phenanthrene/kg soil, the half-lives of phenanthrene in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non-rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured to be 81.5, 47.8, 15.1 and 6.4 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The highest degradation rate of phenanthrene was observed in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of phenanthrene were closely related to the effects of vegetation on soil microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but barely influence those community components responsible for phenanthrene degradation. Results suggested that combination of vegetation and inoculation with degrading microorganisms of target organic contaminants was a better pathway to enhance degradation of the organic contaminants in soil.     

Field released transgenic papaya effect on soil microbial communities and enzyme activities

Soil properties, microbial communities and enzyme activities were studied in soil amended with replicase （RP）-transgenic or non-transgenic papaya under field conditions. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, significant differences （P〈0.05） were observed in total nitrogen in soils grown with transgenic papaya. There were also significant differences （P〈0.05） in the total number of colony forming units （CFUs） of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi between soils amended with RP-transgenic plants and non-transgenic plants. Compared with non-transgenic papaya, the total CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil with transgenic papaya increased by 0.43-1.1, 0.21-0.80 and 0.46-0.73 times respectively. Significantly higher （P〈0.05） CFUs of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi resistant to kanamycin （Km） were obtained in soils with RP-transgenic papaya than those with non-transgenic papaya in all concentrations of Km. Higher resistance quotients for Km＇ （kanamycin resistant） bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were found in soil planted with RP-transgenic papaya, and the resistance quotients for Km＇ bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soils with transgenic papaya increased 1.6-4.46, 0.63-2.5 and 0.75-2.30 times. RP-transgenic papaya and non-transgenic papaya produced significantly different enzyme activities in arylsulfatase （5.4-5.9x）, polyphenol oxidase （0.7-1.4x）, invertase （0.5-0.79x）, cellulase （0.23-0.35x） and phosphodiesterase （0.16-0.2x）. The former three soil enzymes appeared to be more sensitive to the transgenic papaya than the others, and could be useful parameters in assessing the effects of transgenic papaya. Transgenic papaya could alter soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities.     

Dynamic changes in microbial activity and community structure during biodegradation of petroleum compounds： A laboratory experiment

With 110-d incubation experiment in laboratory,the responses of microbial quantity,soil enzymatic activity,and bacterial community structure to different amounts of diesel fuel amendments were studied to reveal whether certain biological and biochemical characteristics could serve as reliable indicators of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in meadow-brown soil,and use these indicators to evaluate the actual ecological impacts of 50-year petroleum-refining wastewater irrigation on soil function in Sbenfu irrigation area.Results showed that amendments of≤1000 mg/kg diesel fuel stimulated the growth of aerobic beterotrophic bacteria,and increased the activity of soil dehydrogenase,hydrogenperoxidase,polypbenol oxidase and substrate-induced respiration.Soil bacterial diversity decreased slightly during the first 15 d of incubation and recovered to the control level on day 30.The significant decrease of the colony forming units of soil actinomyces and filamentous fungi can be taken as the sensitive biological indicators of petroleum contamination when soil was amended with≥5000 mg/kg diesel fuel.The sharp decrease in urease activity was recommended as the most sensitive biochemical indicator of heavy diesel fuel contamination.The shifts in community structure to a community documented by Sphingomonadaceae withinα-subgroup of Proteobacteria could be served as a sensitive and precise indicator of diesel fuel contamination.Based on the results described in this paper,the soil function in Shenfu irrigation area was disturbed to some extent.     

餐厨垃圾厌养发酵沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤理化性质的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对农田土壤的影响,以中国北方典型作物冬小麦和水稻土壤为研究对象,分析在农作物整个生长周期中土壤理化性质的变化规律。结果表明:施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥可显著提高冬小麦和水稻土壤中有效氮磷含量。冬小麦土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为500 L/亩（1亩=666.67 m2,下同）,此时土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到94.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为81.12%;速效氮含量最高增长到1673.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为84.88%。水稻土壤液态菌肥最适宜施加量为400 L/亩,土壤中有效磷含量最高增长到220.80 mg/kg,最大增幅为137.22%;速效氮含量最高增长到1140.00 mg/kg,最大增幅为127.07%。冬小麦和水稻土壤中可溶性全盐和Cl-含量均有轻微的积累现象。通过RDA分析,冬小麦与水稻种植土壤中总磷、总氮、Cl-等与液态菌肥施加量均呈正相关,表明液态菌肥对养分的增加起到促进作用。施用餐厨垃圾厌氧消化沼液制备的液态菌肥对提高农作物土壤有机组分、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义。