水中有机磷农药的气相色谱分析方法研究

本方法研究了水样中ＤＤＶＰ、地亚农、乐果、甲基对硫磷、内吸磷、马拉硫磷、乙硫和 在谷硫磷等八种有机磷农药的气相色谱分析方法，该方法用三氯甲烷提取水中的有机磷农药，毛细管柱分离，程序升温ＦＰＤ测定。方法操作简单，测定水中有机磷农药的最低检出在浓度在２．８ｍｇ／ｌ至０．０２９ｍｇ／ｌ之间，加标回收率在７０．０－１２０％，方法适用于地表水、地下水和废水中痕量有机磷农药的测定。     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法同时测定海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱质谱联用同时测定海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷的方法。采用C18小柱固相萃取富集水样、CH2CI2洗脱,加入菲-d10作为内标,利用GC/MS定性定量同时测定了海水中的甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷,线性响应良好,干扰小,最低检出限为0.20 ng/L(按采样2 L计算),通过对海水样品的标准添加,平均加标回收率范围在96.0%～122%(n=6),RSD在2.3%～6.8%。表明本方法可以满足海水中甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷的检测。同时,利用该方法对广西近岸海域7个点位采集海水样品进行检测,检测结果全部为未检出。     

粤桂琼区域水源地有机磷农药的生态风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱检测粤桂琼(广东、广西、海南三省区)区域水源地9个采样点水样中的有机磷农药浓度,构建了淡水生物对有机磷农药的物种敏感性分布,并计算出各类水生生物的HC₅(hazardous concentration for 5% the species)值;采用基于浓度加和模型的混合物风险商值法和商值概率分布法,评价了粤桂琼区域水源地中敌敌畏、内吸磷、阿特拉津、甲基对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷7种有机磷农药的的生态风险,同时利用聚类分析法对9个采样点进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明:粤桂琼区域水源地7种有机磷农药的总质量浓度在nd~1 260.95 ng/L之间,平均值为184.68 ng/L,主要以马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和乐果为主. 东莞东江南支流、玉林苏烟水库和柳州柳江水源地的生态风险级别相对较高. 敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷的HC₅值均低于0.1 μg/L,这3种物质对生态系统毒性效应较大. 根据风险商结果排序可知,粤桂琼区域水源地预防的重点为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷对水生生物的危害,其中甲基对硫磷是对混合风险商贡献最高的污染物,其危害指数达21.313;在95%的置信区间内,甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷的生态风险较大,风险商超过1的概率为5%,应作为最优先控制的污染物.      

对有机磷农药敏感的海鱼脑AChE筛选研究

以10种海洋鱼类:鲅鱼、黄花鱼、鲈鱼、黄鱼、美国红鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、面包鱼、黑头鱼和鳗鲡为实验材料,采用半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)和双分子速率常数(K_i)为指标,通过体外抑制作用比较了这10种海鱼脑AChE对马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的敏感性,并分析了海鱼脑AChE作为监测海水中有机磷农药指示酶的可行性,由此筛选出适于制备海水有机磷农药酶传感器的指示酶.实验表明:10种海鱼脑AChE的基础活性在4.62～35.65μmol/(min·g)之间,面包鱼的酶活性最高,黄花鱼的酶活性最低.对马拉硫磷,由IC₅₀所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼、黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷>黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼.对甲基对硫磷,由IC50所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼>黄鱼、黄花鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼、黄鱼、黄花鱼、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>真鲷>美国红鱼>面包鱼.鲅鱼脑AChE对2种有机磷农药都较为敏感.影响鱼脑AChE对有机磷农药敏感性的主要因素为生物来源、农药种类和抑制方式,而与酶的基础活性无关.海鱼脑AChE活力抑制作用与水体中的有机磷农药具有良好的剂量-效应关系,在1～50mg/L浓度范围内,两者间呈现较好的线性相关性(r²≥0.93).根据AChE的敏感性及其对有机磷农药的线性响应程度,鲅鱼脑AChE适于作为监测马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷酶传感器的指示酶.     

固相萃取法测定土茯苓中4种有机磷农药残留量

文章研究了固相萃取法测定土苻苓中4种有机磷农药(敌敌畏、乐果、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷)的可行性。对影响实验结果的提取剂、洗脱剂、洗脱剂用量进行了条件优化。在优化后的实验条件下,该方法除了对乐果的线性范围在3.55～20μg/mL之间,其余三种有机磷农药线性范围均在2.5～20μg/mL之间,相关系数R为0.9991～0.9997,回收率为79.0%～109%,相对标准偏差为6.7%～8.9%。检出限分别为:敌敌畏0.25μg/mL;乐果2.85μg/mL;甲基对硫磷0.20μg/mL;对硫磷0.15μg/mL。实验结果表明,该方法操作简便省时,灵敏准确,适用于多种有机磷农药的同时分析测定。     

GDX树脂富集—GC—FPD测定土壤中亲水性有机磷农药残留量

本文提出了采用高分子多孔微球ＧＤＸ树脂吸附富集－气相色谱法测定土壤中亲水性有机磷农药残留量的方法。土样用水浸取，过滤，滤液经ＧＤＸ树脂吸富集，然后用氯仿洗脱浓缩后，用气相色谱法测定。实验结果表明：该方法对亲水性有机磷农药乐果、久效磷，甲基对硫磷的平均回收率可达８５％以上，用于实际土壤样品的分析，结果令人满意。     

关于气相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药的不确定度评定

在中性条件下,二氯甲烷作为萃取剂,萃取水中的有机磷农药,用带火焰光度检测器(FPD)的毛细管柱气相色谱仪对其测量不确定度进行评定。不确定度的来源主要包括:前处理过程,标准溶液及其配制过程,校准曲线拟合,样品重复测定等。评定结果为有机磷农药(以马拉硫磷为例)的不确定度(44.5±5.32)μg/L,k=2。     

气相色谱法测定水中七种有机磷农药研究

水中微量有机磷农药经二氯甲烷萃取、净化、凝胶净化色谱(GPC)浓缩,用带火焰光度检测器(FPD)的毛细管柱气相色谱仪测定.实验结果表明:七种有机磷农药曲线线性良好,相关系数可达0.999以上;检出限能够满足《地表水环境质量标准》限值要求;加标回收率范围为81.4%~92.4%,相对标准偏差范围为2.5%~7.3%,相对误差范围为1.9%~8.5%.可以同时测定《地表水环境质量标准》中规定的7种有机磷农药,提高工作效率.     

5种海鱼脑AChE对2种有机磷农药的敏感性比较

以鲈鱼、黄鱼、美国红鱼、真鲷和黑鲷为实验材料,采用半抑制浓度(IC_(50))和双分子速率常数(K_i)为指标,通过体外抑制作用比较了5种海鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶[AChE(EC 3.1.1.7)]对马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的敏感性。结果表明:(1)5种海鱼脑AChE基础活性为10.18～22.64[μmol/(min·g)],黄鱼的酶活性最高,鲈鱼的酶活性最低。(2)对马拉硫磷,由IC_(50)所得到的AChE敏感性为:黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷>美国红鱼;由K_i所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲈鱼、黄鱼、真鲷>黑鲷>美国红鱼。对甲基对硫磷,由IC_(50)所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲈鱼>黄鱼、真鲷、黑鲷>美国红鱼;由K_i所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲈鱼、黄鱼、黑鲷>真鲷>美国红鱼。鲈鱼和黄鱼对2种有机磷农药都较为敏感。(3)鱼脑AChE活力抑制作用与水体中的有机磷农药具有良好的剂量—效应关系。在1～100mg/L浓度范围内,两者间呈现较好的线性相关性,其相关系数基本上都在0.98以上。根据AChE的敏感性及其对有机磷农药的线性响应程度,黄鱼和鲈鱼脑AChE分别适于作为监测马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的指示酶。     

有机磷农药标准溶液稳定性的研究

用气相色谱对不同介质中有机磷标准溶液的稳定性进行了研究.用HP-1毛细管柱对敌敌畏、马拉硫磷、对硫磷和甲基对硫磷进行分离,氮磷检测器检测,考查了四种有机磷标准在甲醇、丙酮和氯仿中的稳定性.试验表明,用丙酮和氯仿为介质的有机磷标准溶液稳定性较好,在考查的浓度范围内浓度和相应的峰高线性响应良好,相关系数均〉0.997,而甲醇作为介质对有机磷的稳定性有一定的影响,对敌敌畏和马拉硫磷的影响最大,在同样的浓度范围内几乎不成线性,稀释倍数越大影响越大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.