Water-saving irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of a type of water-saving irrigation (WSI) on nutrient runo of paddy field. The volume of surface drainage was maintained low by WSI. In particular, WSI e ectively reduced surface drainage in rain events. Model simulation indicated that net runo load of total nitrogen (TN) from the paddy field was increased by WSI. Meanwhile, net runo loads of total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) from the paddy field was decreased by WSI. Because ponding waters of the study fields were enriched with TP and TOC, WSI reduced runo of these nutrients by controlling the volume of surface drainage. WSI could be considered an e cient method for reducing runo loads and could conserve water quality in an agricultural watershed.     

基于改进输出系数模型的云南宝象河流域非点源污染负荷估算

本文引入降雨、地形因子(α、β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行改进,基于1999~2010年云南宝象河流域气象、水文、社会经济等数据,利用改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对该地区(位于滇池的东北部,绝大部分在官渡区内,西北部少部分在盘龙区内)的非点源污染负荷进行估算.结果显示,2008年宝象河流域非点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为74.2%和68.0%)要显著高于点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为25.8%和32.0%).氮污染中,不同非点源的贡献率依次为土地利用类型>大气沉降>农村生活>畜禽养殖;磷污染中,不同非点源污染的贡献率为土地利用类型>农村生活>大气沉降>畜禽养殖.宝象河流域的非点源氮污染比例要高于整个滇池流域,非点源磷污染比例与滇池流域较为接近.与实际观测值比较,IECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为15%和-6%,ECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为54%和17%.这表明改进的输出系数模型(IECM)提高了结果的准确性,可以为滇池流域的污染(尤其是非点源污染)负荷估算提供参考方法.     

Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runo , most sampling strategies to date have focused on di erences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runo pollution e ect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runo pollution e ect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed o from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very di erent. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runo pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runo volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more e ective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

海岛非点源污染负荷估算方法研究

基于流域单元思想,提出一种非点源污染负荷估算方法：借助GIS提取模拟河网,识别流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域非点源污染的估算提供基础的数据平台.在此基础上,与土地利用专题图叠加,计算各子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,构建非点源负荷系统,利用各污染排放系数和入海系数,结合多年的降雨量,并引入坡度因子作为限制条件,估算污染负荷总量.结果显示,南长山岛非点源全氮、全磷年负荷量分别为11539kg和2025kg.氮污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 大气沉降> 土地利用> 畜禽养殖;磷污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 土地利用> 大气沉降> 畜禽养殖.基于此,探讨海岛地区非点源污染排放特征及对水环境质量影响,可为海岛地区污染物总量调控和环境健康发展提供一种技术方法.     

基于SLURP模型和输出系数法的三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷预测

为研究三峡入库非点源污染的变化规律,以输出系数法为基础,引人污染负荷系数,建立了计算三峡库区上游流域非点源氮磷负荷的数学模型.将所建立的非点源负荷模型与分布式SLURP水文模型相结合.借助地理信息系统和遥感技术,对该流域土地利用/土地覆盖和气候特征下的流域水文动态过程,以及水文动态过程下该流域输入三峡库区的非点源氮磷污染负荷进行了相关预测和分析.预测结果显示:2020年由于该流域土地利用的变化,非点源氮磷污染的产生量略有减少,但地表径流量的增加使输入库区的非点源氮磷污染负荷有所增加;未来农田产生的污染物量有所减少,但农田仍然是形成氮磷负荷的最主要来源.     

辽宁太子河流域非点源氮磷负荷模拟分析

以辽宁太子河流域为研究区,为定量估算该区非点源氮磷污染负荷,经过实地调研和资料收集后,利用单位负荷法和SWAT模型相结合的方法对流域进行1997~2008年径流、泥沙和营养盐输出的模拟研究,进行了多参数、多目标和多站点详细的参数率定和模拟验证,最后分析了非点源氮磷负荷的时空分布规律.结果表明:径流模拟效果较好,泥沙和营养盐模拟结果符合要求,模型在太子河流域适用性较好,可以模拟分析该地区的非点源污染负荷问题;1997~2008年年均总氮和总磷负荷为17357.43t和7110.91t,氮磷负荷的时空分布受降雨径流过程的影响,汛期(6~9月)负荷总量占全年的77.76%和80%;负荷强度的空间差异较大,全流域多年平均值为13.20,5.41kg/hm2,流域内污染负荷关键源区是灯塔市和辽阳县.     

潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区

将GIS技术、ArcSWAT模型与分析技术相结合,以农耕养殖程度较高的北京密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,通过对流域近20年非点源污染负荷时空变异情况进行模拟,识别影响非点源污染流失的关键因子,进行非点源污染控制区划.结果表明,总氮和总磷年均负荷量分别为563.3,28.7t/a,氮磷负荷空间分布特征表现为:丰水年以地势较高且农业耕作活动频繁区域为主,平水年和枯水年表现为靠近河道的农业用地与畜禽养殖区为主.采用多因素方差分析11种不同因素对流域非点源污染负荷的影响程度表明,施肥量是影响氮磷输出的最主要的因子,坡长、土壤类型、土地利用方式及坡度是影响氮磷输出的次重要因子;针对潮河流域长期传统耕作以及化肥过量施用的现状,土壤有机磷的含量也会对总磷的输出产生一定的影响.潮河流域可划分为3个污染控制区,第1类:污染控制区(以近河道耕种区为主,面积186.74km²),第2类:污染治理区(农村生活及畜禽养殖区为主,面积23.09km²),第3类:生态修复区(高坡度强降雨区为主,面积1365.25km²).该研究结果可有效提升流域非点源污染治理的效率,为水源地流域环境保护提供参考.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runo pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

Development of EMC-based empirical model for estimating spatial distribution of pollutant loads and its application in rural areas of Korea

An integrated approach to easily calculate pollutant loads from agricultural watersheds is suggested and verified in this research. The basic concepts of this empirical tool were based on the assumption that variations in event mean concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants from a given agricultural watershed during rainstorms were only attributable to the rainfall pattern. Fifty one sets of EMC values were obtained from nine different watersheds located in the rural areas of Korea, and these data were used to develop predictive tools for the EMCs in rainfall runoff. The results of statistical tests of these formulas show that they are fairly good in predicting actual EMC values of some parameters, and useful in terms of calculating pollutant loads for any rainfall event time span such as daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. This model was further checked in for its field applicability in a reservoir receiving stormwater after a cleanup of the sediments, covering 17 consecutive rainfall events from 1 July to 15 August in 2007. Overall the predicted values matched the observed values, indicating the feasibility of this empirical tool as a simple and useful solution in evaluating timely distribution of nonpoint source pollution loads from small rural watersheds of Korea.     

农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用

非点源污染的负荷定量化研究是控制、评价和管理非点源污染的基础.农业非点源污染负荷估算包括农田排水估算和排水中的污染物浓度预测2个环节.依据水量平衡原理,农田排水应用DRAINMOD模型估算;将农田的施肥和灌溉过程"合成"作为田间污染物浓度的脉冲输入,农田排水中的污染物浓度变化则视作对应于此脉冲输入的响应过程,而污染物在田间的复杂迁移转化过程以逆高斯概率密度函数隐含表达.以此为基础,构建了农田尺度农业非点源污染负荷估算模型.以青铜峡灌区典型试验区为例,对稻田排水沟中硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷(TP)的负荷过程进行了模拟,结果表明,模型估算结果和实测污染物负荷过程非常接近,Nash-Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为0.963和0.945,表明该模型具有较高的可靠性.     

大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法

针对我国非点源污染研究中存在的主要矛盾,即已有的实验和研究多集中在小流域和小区域范围内(10000 km2以下),而缺乏全流域尺度下的非点源污染负荷估算方法,通过分析非点源污染负荷研究中的尺度问题及其解决途径,提出了大尺度区域非点源污染负荷的计算方法,以适应规划层次下非点源污染控制和管理的需要.研究在分析非点源污染负荷产生和迁移途径的基础上,依据水文产汇流和污染物迁移过程,建立了大区域尺度非点源污染负荷估算模型;在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,分别按城市径流、农业生产、农村居民点和畜禽养殖4种类型,计算了2000年我国10个一级水资源区的溶解态非点源污染负荷量.结果表明,2000年全国范围内非点源污染情况比较严重,耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、TP和NH4 -N的人河量分别达到6.65×106t、3.28×106t、1.56×106t和0.83×106t.最后,采用各流域机构的非点源污染调查数据(2000年),对模型计算结果进行了验证,结果表明,模型结构基本合理,计算结果具有一定的可靠性.     

基于ArcSWAT模型的长乐江流域非点源氮素污染源识别和分析

本研究以我国东南沿海地区的典型农业流域——长乐江流域为对象,通过实地调查、数据收集和分析,构建模型所需的各类空间数据库和属性数据库,将流域内各种非点源污染过程的概化设置和相应管理操作与模型进行有效耦合,利用近3年的流域水质监测资料进行模型参数的率定和验证,建立了该流域氮污染过程的ArcSWAT模型,模拟估算了流域不同非点源氮的入河量,并着重分析和识别不同时段土地利用类型的关键性污染源.结果表明,长乐江流域非点源氮素污染的主要来源是氮肥施用、大气沉降和土壤氮库,对河流总氮负荷的贡献率分别为35%、32%和25%.不同时段、不同土地利用类型的关键性污染源具有明显差异.从时间分布来看,土壤氮库和大气沉降所产生的非点源氮素污染的关键时期在雨季,而氮肥污染则主要发生在作物生长季节.从土地利用分布来看,园地和人居地非点源氮素的控制性污染源分别是氮肥施用和生活排污;而水田和旱地的三大污染源(氮肥施用、大气沉降和土壤氮库)入河量相差不大,需要同时控制.因此,治理流域非点源氮素污染问题,应分时、分区、分类制定控制方案.     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染负荷关系研究

以密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,在HSPF模型模拟的基础上,利用CCA排序和路径分析等多种统计分析方法,分析不同水平景观格局与非点源污染过程的相关关系,确定各景观指数对非点源污染的影响和贡献程度.结果表明:潮河流域景观格局与非点源污染过程的关系密切,二者的关系与空间尺度也有着紧密的关联.景观格局指数能累积解释55％的流域非点源污染负荷变化,土地利用面积比例的影响要大于景观格局指数,耕地是污染负荷的主要贡献源,而林地和草地较能有效控制污染物的输出.污染负荷受景观的破碎化、多样性和蔓延度的影响较大,流域内的景观越破碎、类型越丰富,斑块分布越零散,污染物的输出也就越多.斑块类型水平上,影响污染物负荷的指标因景观类型不同而异,其中,斑块密度(PD)和边缘密度(ED)是影响流域非点源污染负荷的共性指标.路径分析的结果表明,边缘密度(ED)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、聚集度指数(AI)和蔓延度指数(CONTAG)是影响流域非点源污染负荷输出的主要景观格局变量,其中,香农多样性指数对TN、TP负荷的解释能力最大.较少的人类活动干扰和斑块类型的团聚分布能减少污染物输出的风险.     

考虑面源污染的农业开发流域生态安全评价研究

随着农业开发的进程,流域生态安全会发生相应变化,在考虑面源污染的基础上,以挠力河为例开展该研究.该流域14年来的土地利用类型发生较大变迁,耕作方式改变,破坏了流域的生态安全,同时大量农药化肥的使用,使得大量氮、磷为主的营养污染物引发农业面源污染,面源污染将成为生态安全评价的一项重要指标.为了对农业面源污染进行量化,对生境质量进行直观评价,考虑面源污染做出流域生态安全的变化评估,选取SWAT模型和InVEST模型（生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型）,同时考虑面源污染及生境质量,对比挠力河流域2000年、2006年、2014年三个年份的生态安全变化.根据输出结果,分析时空变化模式,得到氮磷负荷、生态环境质量对时空变化的响应,讨论提出有效的防控建议.     

白洋淀流域府河干流村落非点源负荷研究

村落非点源污染是白洋淀流域农业非点源污染的重要组成部分.现场调查府河干流临河村落生活污水、生活垃圾的排放情况及相应污染物含量,研究了其非点源污染特征.结果表明:临河村落生活污水与生活垃圾的人均排放量分别为26.3 L/d和0.41 kg/d;临河村落非点源氮、磷污染中,生活垃圾贡献极大,在TN、TP年潜在入河负荷和年入河负荷中所占比例均接近70%;生活污水中的氮、磷以可溶态为主;生活污水与人粪尿的CODCr年入河负荷分别为10.9和2.30 t,生活垃圾的TOC年入河负荷为26.9 t.      

利用DPeRS模型估算巢湖流域氨氮和化学需氧量的面源污染负荷

巢湖作为安徽省重要的饮用水源,其面源污染问题受到广泛关注.本文利用一种基于遥感分布式面源污染计算模型——DPeRS(Diffuse pollution estimation with remote sensing)模型,估算了巢湖流域2010年氨氮(NH+4-N)和化学需氧量(CODCr)面源污染物负荷,并进行污染特征解析,结果表明:1巢湖流域污染物以耗氧有机物为主,2010年产生NH+4-N 1562 t,进入水体800 t;CODCr9×104t,进入水体5×104t.22010年不同月份面源氨氮和CODCr污染负荷均有显著性差异,其中,7—8月氨氮和CODCr污染产生量较高.3空间分布上,氨氮和CODCr污染物主要集中在巢湖流域西北部地区;从区县角度来看,合肥市市辖区面源污染物产生量及入河排放量最大.4污染类型分析结果表明:城镇径流是氨氮最主要的面源污染源,且氨氮污染负荷与城镇人口密度的相关系数达到0.98,氨氮污染负荷与农田氮平衡的相关系数为0.65;而畜禽养殖是CODCr最主要的面源污染源,且CODCr污染产生负荷与畜禽养殖密度之间有显著的空间关联性,其相关系数达到0.91.     

基于R语言的非点源颗粒态磷指数构建及应用——以丘陵红壤区小流域为例

以南方丘陵红壤区典型小流域为例,构建了基于R语言的流域非点源颗粒态磷污染指数并进行应用.结果表明,（1）流域土壤侵蚀模数在0.7~15244.2t/（km²·a）之间,超出南方丘陵红壤区容许土壤侵蚀量的区域占流域面积59%;平均非点源颗粒态磷产生强度为0.86kg/hm²,超出非点源磷流失阈值的区域占流域面积14%.流域侵蚀等级以微、轻度为主,但中度及以上强度区域以较小的面积（7.2%）贡献了较大比例的流域侵蚀产生量（35%）和输出量（43%）、以及非点源颗粒态磷输出量（31%）.（2）识别的关键源区占流域面积14%,贡献了65%和58%的侵蚀土壤和颗粒态磷输出负荷;主要分布在近河道的坡地（<25°,水文距离≤800m）,林地、耕地、园地是主要土地利用类型组成.（3）过量施肥导致的土壤磷素富集、强降雨条件下低丘缓坡地带的高易蚀性是关键源区形成的主因.研究进一步对关键源区进行分类分区,提出了以水土保持、配方施肥、工程治理为核心的非点源颗粒态磷污染治理组合措施.研究为丘陵红壤区流域非点源颗粒态磷污染的防治提供了较为系统完善的思路.     

基于GIS和模型的流域非点源污染控制区划

采用GIS技术和USLE,SCS-CN,污染物流失经验模型及AnnAGNPS机理模型相结合,对农业集约化程度较高的南方中等尺度流域进行农业非点源污染控制区划.结果表明:利用GIS和经验模型回答了流域农业非点源污染氮磷来源与贡献,标识了农业非点源污染氮磷等污染物的关键源区,发挥了经验模型所需模型参数少、研究尺度较大、效率较高的优点,通过GIS的栅格数据空间分析功能,实现了流域非点源污染的分布式模拟,识别了NPS的关键源区.借助AnnAGNPS机理模型,在模型得以校验的前提下,模拟了非点源污染管理措施方案.以模型和GIS的定量结果为依据,对九龙江流域农业非点源污染控制进行了区划,共划分了水土流失控制区、生猪养殖+水土流失控制区、化肥施用+生猪养殖控制区、水土流失+化肥施用控制区及化肥施用+水土流失控制区5类控制单元.      

Probability mass first flush evaluation for combined sewer discharges

The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush (MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn.