象山港经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留水平及其变化趋势

对分布于象山港海域的经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量用气相色谱方法进行测定,结果显示:HCHS为(2.26~12.65)×10-9,DDTS为(7.32~27.25)×10-9,PCBs(13.54~22.57)×10-9;经济贝类中的有机氯农药的组分特征为HCHs中-βHCH占优势,DDTs中DDD和DDE占绝对优势;2001年至2003年HCHs、PCBs含量总体呈微弱下降趋势,而DDTs含量在2003年明显上升;各海区缢蛏中HCHs、DDTs、PCBs残留量均呈西店(港底)<西周(港中)<西泽(港口)。     

气相色谱质谱-内标法检测油漆中苯系物

以氯苯为内标物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对油漆中苯系物的检测技术进行了研究,考察了主要苯系物的线性、回收率和精密度情况,开发出一种同时检测油漆中六种苯系物的高灵敏度方法。对样品的色谱分离条件、提取溶剂、定量方法及内标物选择等进行了优化,实现了一次进样同时定性定量检测油漆中6种苯系物。六种苯系物在1.0~500.0μg/mL范围内线性良好,各种苯系物的标准工作曲线线性相关系数0.995 4~0.999 8;在100.0~500.0μg/mL浓度范围内,加标回收率在85.01%~107.44%之间,精密度在2.58%~12.43%之间;5种苯系物组分中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯、邻二甲苯的最小检测浓度(按三倍信噪比)分别为0.01、0.002、0.05、0.05、0.05μg/mL。该方法灵敏度较高,所得数据准确,是一种检测油漆等化工品中苯及同系物含量的有效方法。     

ASE-GC/MS同时测定土壤中8种酰胺类除草剂

通过优化加速溶剂萃取(ASE)条件、固相小柱净化(SPE)条件和气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)仪器分析条件,建立了"ASE提取-SPE净化-GC/MS分析"同时测定土壤中敌稗、甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、杀草丹、异丙草胺和异丙甲草胺8种酰胺类除草剂残留量的分析方法。土壤样品经正己烷∶丙酮(1∶1)提取,提取液浓缩后经固相小柱净化,气相色谱质谱测定,内标法定量。研究结果表明:8种酰胺类除草剂在0.1~6.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数在0.995以上,方法检出限在5.0×10~(-3)~9.2×10~(-3)mg/kg之间,对实际土壤样品进行低、中、高浓度分别为0.02、0.05和0.5 mg/kg的加标测定,平行分析(n=6)的相对标准偏差在3.6%~12.5%之间,酰胺类除草剂的平均回收率在64.8%~101.7%之间。该方法灵敏度高、快速准确,适用于土壤中酰胺类除草剂的定性和定量检测,能为批量土壤样品的检测提供科学的方法。     

黄渤海沿海贝类体内多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量评价与分析

对黄渤海沿海20个采样区域,9个品种贝类体内多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量进行检测与评价.结果显示: (1)2006年6月有14个区域的贝类体内检测出PCBs残留,检出率为70%,PCBs残留量分布范围为未检出～0.0151×10-6(湿重),评价指数最高为0.0755; 2007年6月有13个区域的贝类体内检测出PCBs残留,检出率为65%, PCBs残留量分布范围为未检出～0.0090×10-6 (湿重),评价指数最高为0.0450.(2)所有被检出体内含有PCBs的贝类体内残留量均远低于评价标准,PCBs在黄渤海沿海本底值非常低,贝类安全性没有受到多PCBs的影响.     

16、应用碱—陶瓷小球对氮和磷的热离子检测

本文介绍了一种新发展起来的气相色谱用热离子化检测器,在空气—氢气环境中,通过电加热的的碱—陶瓷小球可选择性地检测氮或磷化物。收集负离子可获得理想的样品响应和本底信号,而收集正离子则只能得到低的样品响应和高的本底电流。检测器灵敏度主要取决于小球表面的温度,而其选择性则依赖于氢气流量。本检测器的线性范围为10~5(对氮)和10~4(对磷),最小检出量为10~(-13)克氮/秒,和5×10~(-14)克磷/秒。小球使用2000小时以后,对氮和磷的检测仍具有高灵敏度和高选择性。     

气相色谱-离子选择电极检测器测定有机氯

用氯离子选择电极作为气相色谱检测器,测定了γ-BHC、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳,其检测下限分别为2.6×10~(-?),1.8×10~(-10)和1.0×10~(-10)mol.以γ-BHC为测定物的相对标准偏差为3.4％,线性范围为2.6×10~(-10)-9.8×10~(-7)mol.     

微波萃取-气相色谱/质谱测定底泥中多溴联苯醚

文章建立微波萃取,复合硅胶氧化铝层析柱净化,气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-NCI-MS)检测对环境底泥样品中七种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)单体定量分析的方法。底泥样品经25 mL正己烷:丙酮(1:1)萃取剂微波萃取10 min,过复合层析柱净化,70 mL正己烷:二氯甲烷(1:1)洗脱和浓缩后,加入内标物PCB-103后进行内标定量分析,7种PBDEs单体的平均基质加标回收率均值为88.6%~96.7%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~9.3%,方法检出限均小于0.06 ng/g,方法具有良好的重现性,较好的回收率和较高的灵敏度。所建立的分析方法体系已用于长江口近岸沉积物中7种PBDEs残留量的检测,四个实际样品中添加回收率指示物PCB-209,其回收率范围为79.5%~109.6%,相对标准偏差为5.2%~16.5%。     

示差脉冲伏安法测定联苯胺类化合物

本文用示差脉冲阳极伏安法在玻碳电极上测定联苯胺、邻甲联苯胺、盐酸联苯胺。在0.1NNaClO_4底液中,它们均在+0.60V附近产生一灵敏良好的阳极氧化峰,测定的检测限为1×10~(-5)M,在2×10~(-5)M～1×10~(-3)M浓度范围内峰高与浓度成线性关系。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定斑马鱼暴露体系4种双酚类环境激素的研究

为评估双酚类环境激素对水环境可能造成的环境影响,建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)法测定斑马鱼暴露体系中的双酚C(BPC)、双酚F(BPF)、双酚S(BPS)、双酚Z(BPZ). 对前处理条件进行优化,斑马鱼样品依次采用6 mL乙腈溶液提取,30 min超声萃取及振荡混合,8 000 r/min下离心10 min,重复2次,于?80 ℃冷冻除脂48 h,过滤并用超纯水稀释至500 mL. 采用Generik H2P柱萃取上述鱼样及养殖水体样品,依次用10 mL 10%甲醇水溶液(V/V)淋洗,10 mL甲醇溶液洗脱. 优化参数确定最佳质谱条件,以甲醇-水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离、负离子选择反应监控(SRM)模式、同位素内标法进行测定. 结果表明:①固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的检出限为0.019~0.60 μg/L,定量限为0.06~1.89 μg/L,BPS在0.5~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 0,BPZ、BPF和BPC在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.998 9~0.999 8范围内. ②在1.5、4.5、15 μg/L双酚类环境激素的添加浓度下,养殖水体中目标物的回收率为91.45%~102.91%,相对标准偏差为1.47%~11.04%,斑马鱼体内目标物的回收率为85.95%~97.45%,相对标准偏差为4.63%~16.36%. ③高浓度暴露组中,鱼体内BPF、BPS、BPC含量约是低浓度暴露组的10倍,而BPZ含量在两组间无明显差异. 研究显示,BPC、BPF、BPS、BPZ短时间内在斑马鱼体内产生了富集,通过分析斑马鱼全鱼样品、养殖水样及实际景观水体样品,证明固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法样品回收率高、检出限低、灵敏度高、重现性好,具有较好的实用性.      

苯酚及苯二酚类催化氧化的色谱电化学法测定及研究

研究了1:12磷钼杂多酸(PMo_(12))修饰电极对苯酚及苯二酚类(对苯二酚、间苯二酚和邻苯二酚)的催化氧化作用,以及苯酚和苯二酚类在涂敷十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)的C_(18)键合固定相上的分离方法,采用修饰电极色谱电化学法对其进行分离检测。对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚及苯酚的线性范围依次为4.0×10~(-11)mol/l-2.0×10~(-8)mol/l、4.0×10~(-11)mol/l-2.0×10~(-8)mol/l、8.0×10~(-11)mol/l-2.0×10~(-8)mol/l、8.0×10~(-11)mol/l-2.0×10~(-8)mol/l;检测限依次为2.10×10~(-11)mol/l、2.0×10~(-11)mol/l、4.0×10~(-11)mol/l和4.0×10~(-11)mol/l。平行测定8次,相对标准偏差依次为1.7％、3.3％、2.9％和4.4％。方法可用于化工厂废水中苯酚及苯二酚类的测定。     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草对滩涂底栖动物的影响

2005年5、8、10月份对黄河三角洲的无棣岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口米草分布区与对照区底栖动物作了调查,并与1980年同期历史调查资料相比较,结果表明:米草分布已导致调查区底栖动物群落组成和结构变化,经济贝类无分布,代之以小型螺类为优势种;但米草分布区底栖动物平均密度、生物量高于对照区,米草入侵排斥了大型底栖动物,降低了密度和生物量,而有利于小型螺类的分布.     

长江口九段沙湿地原生植被的保护及开发利用

研究了长江口九段沙湿地的原生植被,结果表明,九段沙湿地植被多行无性繁殖;植物种群数量少,同一种群中多同生群植物;植物群落结构简单、群落演替的原生特征明显;植被的相对密度大、生物量高,植物中多属可开发利用的资源植物,具有开发利用的潜在特性;九段沙原生植被在上海市、江苏省的部分地域的空气质量改善过程中起着重要作用;其湿地植被一旦得以生态型开发利用,有利于营造一个鸟类栖息、觅食的乐园,可减缓浦东国际机场迁徙鸟类活动的压力。提出了保护和开发利用九段沙原生植被必须遵循的原则。     

长江口沙洲表层沉积物中生物硅分布特征

利用生物硅(BSi)8 h连续提取法,分析了长江口南支沙洲表层沉积物中BSi的分布特征,并探讨了BSi分布与沉积物理化性质之间的相关关系.研究结果发现,沙洲沉积物中BSi含量的变化范围为0.47%～1.02%,平均含量为0.75%.高潮滩沉积物中BSi含量的变化范围在0.47%～0.91%之间,中潮滩在0.48%～1.02%之间,低潮滩则是0.47%～0.96%.沉积物理化性质与BSi之间的相关分析揭示,沉积物中BSi含量与粘土和粉砂含量呈极显著正相关,这表明沉积物中BSi的赋存对沉积物机械组分具有明显的依赖性;沉积物中的BSi与有机碳、氮(OC、ON)之间存在极显著的正相关关系,表明在富含有机质的沉积物中易于BSi的累积;OC/BSi和ON/BSi的变化范围分别为0.28～2.59和0.05～0.21,都低于Redfield比值,说明沙洲沉积物中BSi的溶解速率要远低于有机质的分解速率.此外,还发现沉积物中BSi与叶绿素之间存在弱的正相关关系,反映了硅质藻类等初级生产者对沉积物中BSi累积也有一定的贡献.     

青海省塔拉滩草原利用方向探讨

青海省共和县塔拉滩是一个平坦开阔的大草原，近４０多年来一直有宜农与宜牧之争。本文就此，从３个方面作了重点论述：垦滩种粮的后果严重；超载过牧也有潜在生态危机；最佳出路是将根治沙源与合理利用草原结合起来，发展季节畜牧业，走一条治用结合、滩谷互补、农牧业相互促进的道路，建设一个新型草原。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.