乳酸菌饮料生产废水生物处理工艺实例分析

为实现NH4+-N和COD的有效去除,采用完全混合式水解酸化+生物接触氧化为主体工艺处理乳酸菌饮料生产废水。该工程总投资355万元,直接运行成本为1.19元/吨。运行结果表明,生化处理单元在水力总停留时间为24 h、进水COD 872～1 389mg/L、进水NH4+-N5.8～15.0 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和NH4+-N最大浓度分别为137 mg/L和3.8 mg/L,对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为94.2%和79.4%,混凝沉淀出水COD可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准要求。     

UBF-SMSBR-双膜组合工艺处理生活垃圾渗滤液

西南某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液COD和NH3-N浓度高,可生化性较好,且出水需直排入海。针对该类废水水质特点,采用UBF-SMSBR-双膜组合工艺进行处理。运行结果表明:该组合工艺运行稳定,处理效果良好,COD和NH3-N去除率较高,出水水质达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中一级A标准。     

水解酸化-二段生物接触氧化-水生植物法截污试验研究

采用水解酸化-二段生物接触氧化及水生植物进行截污试验,研究了水力停留时间(HRT)、容积负荷、水生植物等对生活污水截污效果的影响。结果表明:当HRT为6 h时,水解酸化-二段生物接触氧化对COD、NH+4-N和TP的平均去除率分别为77.6%、60.52%、53.37%;COD、NH+4-N和TP的最佳容积负荷率分别为216,11.57,1.52 g/(m3·h);加入凤眼莲后(HRT=4 h),NH+4-N、TP去除率分别可达81.39%及53.78%,比加植物前分别提高28.94%及10%,出水水质达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B排放标准。     

曝气-水解酸化-接触氧化工艺处理甲萘胺废水

针对常州市某化工厂甲萘胺废水,设计采用曝气-水解酸化-接触氧化工艺进行处理。连续运行表明,在进水流量800 m3/d的条件下,经该工艺处理后,出水COD、SS、TP、NH3-N的平均含量分别为94,37,0.6和21 mg/L,达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。该组合工艺对甲萘胺废水处理效果好,运行稳定。     

低温条件生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺强化生物脱氮性能的中试研究

中试采用生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺对中国北方某城镇污水处理厂的污水进行处理,考察其在低温条件下对污水中的有机物及含氮污染物的去除能力.结果表明,当进水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别为53~140 mg/L和21~78 mg/L时,生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺出水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别在24~48 mg/L和0.5~3 mg/L范围内,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准(冬季COD<50 mg/L,NH+4-N<8 mg/L),而该污水处理厂原有工艺出水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别在20~73 mg/L和9~20 mg/L之间.因此,在低温条件下,生物膜与活性污泥复合工艺能够提高对污染物的去除能力.     

水解酸化-MBR组合工艺处理雏鸡孵化场废水

文章介绍了采用水解酸化-MBR组合工艺处理雏鸡孵化场废水的应用实例。结果表明,当进水COD、BOD5、NH3-N和SS浓度分别为1 230、268、22和456 mg/L时,污染物去除率依次分别为96.7%、97.5%、82.7%和98.6%。经该工艺处理后的出水水质稳定,并达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918—2002)》一级A标准。     

A~2/O工艺强化脱氮除磷效果中试

针对某一城市污水处理厂"混合型城市污水"的特征,以厂区曝气沉砂池出水作为处理对象,设计一套A2/O工艺强化脱氮除磷中试装置。当进水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均质量浓度分别为594,25.0,37.6,7.66 mg/L时,经A2/O工艺强化处理后,出水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均质量浓度分别为46.7,5.5,12.73,0.7 mg/L,对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别达91.51%、79.73%、65.78%和88.65%,出水水质达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级标准,取得了良好的污染物去除和脱氮除磷效果,且当系统稳定运行时总体出水水质相对稳定。     

河源城南污水处理厂尾水深度处理效果的研究

河源市城南污水处理厂利用垂直流人工湿地对该厂A2-O工艺处理的尾水进行深度处理,研究了人工湿地对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD、BOD5的去除效果。结果表明:人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,垂直流人工湿地处理系统对尾水中TN、NH4+-N、TP、COD和BOD5平均去除率分别达到97.4%、97.8%、95.06%、91.87%和95.87%以上,其出水水质基本达GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,地表水Ⅲ类标准。     

采用物化和生化相结合的工艺处理盐化工废水

针对典型盐化工废水水质特征,物化处理主要采用混凝沉淀及吹脱去除硫化物及乙炔,生化处理采用水解酸化及曝气生物流化池去除NH4+-N及COD,运行结果表明,该组合工艺可以有效降低废水中主要污染物的含量,出水NH4+-N10 mg/L、CODCr50mg/L、BOD515 mg/L、SS50 mg/L,出水水质优于《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准,运行成本为2.26元/m3。     

人工湿地在工业园区污水厂尾水处理中的工程应用

针对工业园区污水处理厂出水中有机污染物、氮、磷等超标问题,采用"水平潜流+表面流"复合人工湿地工艺,对污水处理厂尾水进行深度净化。运行结果表明:湿地系统净化效果良好,运行稳定,对SS、COD、BOD5、TN、NO-3-N、NH3-N和TP平均去除率分别为58.3%、35.7%、47.4%、52.8%、65.4%、52.6%和53.6%,出水水质指标(除SS外)达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。该工程具有显著的生态效益和社会效益。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.