基于模糊优选和CRITIC法的电力碳排放权区域初始分配——以华东电网区域为例

为科学、合理分配电力行业碳排放权,文章综合考虑公平、效率和可持续发展原则,构建了电力碳排放权分配体系,并利用CRITIC法确定指标权重,运用模糊优选法计算碳排放权初始分配比例,结果表明:单位地区生产总值电耗是最主要的影响因素,公平原则下的电力碳排放量、电力能源消费总量和火力发电量也是重要的影响因素;碳排放量问题是复杂的系统问题,碳排放权初始分配要综合考虑公平性原则、效率性原则和可持续原则。最后,为达到和谐稳定的碳排放权分配方案,希望在以后的研究中加强和谐型评判与改进方法。     

初始排放权分配对各省区碳交易策略及其减排成本的影响分析

碳排放权分配是我国碳交易机制设计的根本性问题之一.然而,不同初始分配方案对我国碳减排和宏观经济的影响尚不明确,成为制约碳交易市场快速发展的重要因素.本文以我国"十三五"时期碳排放强度下降目标为约束构建非线性规划模型,模拟了"祖父分配方案"、"支付能力方案"和"人口规模方案"3种初始排放权分配方案对各省区碳交易策略及其减排成本的影响.结果表明,碳交易市场能有效降低我国实现碳排放强度下降目标的经济成本,但在不同初始排放权分配方案下省区间的碳减排成本差异有所不同.与"支付能力方案"和"人口规模方案"相比,"祖父分配方案"下省区间碳减排成本差异较小,更能体现碳排放权分配的公平性.以公平为导向的初始排放权分配和以效率为导向的碳排放权交易相结合,有助于我国提升碳排放权配置效率、降低减排成本,促进省区间碳交易市场均衡发展.     

公平与效率协调视角下的中国碳减排潜力与路径

在碳排放公平原则和效率原则协调的基础上计算区域碳减排潜力并设计碳减排路径,对于我国更科学地测算区域碳减排潜力以及更合理地制定区域碳减排路径,从而更好地促进绿色低碳经济发展具有重要意义。选取了1997-2015年29个省级地区数据,通过Super-SBM模型测算了碳排放效率,并以人均碳排放量衡量区域碳排放公平;基于Markov链框架测算了碳排放公平和效率的俱乐部趋同指数,以分析公平和效率原则在考察我国碳减排潜力中的重要性以及在制定碳减排政策时的侧重点,进而在碳排放公平与效率协调的视角下重新测算出各省份的碳减排潜力;在碳排放公平和效率二维矩阵图基础上,基于二者协调的视角设计了碳减排路径。研究发现：（1）我国碳排放公平与碳排放效率的俱乐部趋同程度（固化程度）具有显著差异,碳排放的“长期低效率”比“长期不公平”固化问题更严重。（2）相比于公平与效率相等原则,基于协调原则下的各地区碳减排潜力指数存在变化,这将影响我国碳减排目标地区的划分,进而影响国家碳权分配以及减排责任的分摊。（3）基于各省碳减排的公平性与效率性差异,中国大陆29个省级行政区域可划分为四大类型地区。我国公平效率协调的减排路径是：重点支持“低效低排”型地区,提高其碳排放效率,实施碳排放公平和效率动态协调的碳减排策略。     

气候变化的历史责任与碳排放限额分配

对主要国家、九大区域及附件Ｉ国家与非附件Ｉ国家两大集团的二氧化碳历史累积排放量进行了估算,对目前主要的碳排放限额分配方法与原则进行了评述,指出人均原则是应坚持的分配原则。针对以当年还是以1990年为人口基年以及考虑历史责任与否提出了4种人均碳排放限额分配模式,并用其计算了全球九大区域以及中国的2050年碳排放限额。结果表明,考虑历史责任与否对碳排放限额分配结果的影响相当大,而且只有采用考虑历史责任并以1990年为人口基年这一人均分配模式,中国2050年的碳排放限额才可能高于其预测排放量     

巴黎协定下中国碳排放权省域分配及减排潜力评估研究

通过构建碳排放权区域分配模型完成了省域分配,在此基础上与当前各地实际碳排放量进行比对,明晰了各自初始空间余额;而后对碳排放权欠缺地区的碳减排潜力进行了综合评估。研究结果表明：（1）我国30个省区碳排放权分配存在较大差异,其中云南配额最高,占比高达10.53%;宁夏配额最少,占比仅为0.28%。（2）全国有14个省区碳排放权初始空间余额表现出盈余状态,根据成因差异可大致分为“低排放、高配额”“低排放、低配额”以及“高排放、高配额”等三种类型;其他16个地区均表现出一定程度的欠缺,结合数值差异可划分为以江苏等4地为代表的轻度欠缺地区,以天津等7地为代表的中度欠缺地区,以及以辽宁等5地为代表的重度欠缺地区。（3）浙江、天津、山东等3地目前所具备的碳减排潜力要明显高于其他地区,而各地区的碳减排潜力水平虽与其碳排放权欠缺量表现出了一定趋同性但并非完全一致。     

环境气象学、环境空气动力学

X 16 X51 9902063气候变化的历史责任与碳排放限额分配/陈文颖…(清华大学核能技术设计研究院)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1998,18(6)一481~455环信X一55 对主要国家、九大区域及附件I国家与非附件I国家两大集团的二氧化碳历史累积排放量进行了估算,对目前主要的碳排放限额分配方法与原则进行了评述,指出人均原则是应坚持的分配原则。针对以当年还是以199。年为人口基年以及考虑历史责任与否提出了4种人均碳排放限额分配模式,并用其计算了全球九大区域以及中国的205。年碳排放限额。结果表明,考虑历史责任与否对碳排放限额分配结果…     

区域农业生态系统可持续发展指标体系及其应用

建立可持续发展评价指标体系已成为区域水平上研究可持续发展的重要内容。论文从可持续发展概念与内涵入手,以杭州市萧山区为例,探讨了建立评价指标体系和指标定量化的方法。通过建立该区域农业生态系统可持续发展评价指标体系和可持续发展度模型,定量描述了系统在近10年来的波动变化状态。发展度模型包括发展位、发展势和协调度3个方面。研究表明,该区域发展位一直保持持续稳定的上升趋势;发展势也表明了系统整体状况愈来愈靠近系统规划值;系统协调度在波动中逐渐增长,表明各组分之间耦合关系加强;系统整体发展度在波动中逐渐提高。从研究可知,该区近10年来经济保持快速增长,人民生活水平、科技和卫生等领域得到很大改善,人口得到有效控制;自然资源保护和生态环境建设虽然近年来投入逐渐增加,但由于工业发展和人口增长很快,使该子系统仍需加大投入强度。     

基于标度转换的模糊层次分析法在宁夏灌区水权分配中的应用

随着宁夏引扬黄灌区经济的发展,建立一种新的水权分配模式势在必行。论文首先根据水权初始分配有效性、公平性与可持续性的原则,建立了水权初始分配指标体系,并构造了层次结构模型。然后,利用标度转化法,将互反性的"1～9标度"转化为互补性的"0.1～0.9九标度,"再利用后者与指标体系建立模糊互补判断矩阵,并对该矩阵进行模糊层次分析,从而将模糊层次分析法(FAHP)引入到了初始水权分配领域。最后,应用FAHP法对宁夏灌区的初始水权进行分配,获得了较为满意的结果。     

论我国排污权交易制度的不足与完善

排污权交易制度是现代产权制度中,为了保护环境而诞生的新型制度,然而,该制度在我国的推行过程中面临一些困难。本文介绍了国内外对于排污权交易制度的研究进展和实践情况,总结出我国的排污权交易制度存在市场规模较小、初始排污权分配和定价不完善、相关制度不健全等问题,最后提出应用总量减排原则、建立初始排放权分配与定价制度、健全排污权相关制度的建议。     

济南市环境、社会、经济协调发展评价

建立了济南市城市环境、社会、经济协调评价指标体系,采用多目标二级决策方法对各指标的权重进行分配;在已有协调度计算方法的基础上,构建了协调度的计算公式;并运用该指标体系和协调度公式对济南市环境、社会经济协调状况进行评判。结果表明济南市的环境、社会经济之间发展是不平衡的,协调状况为中级协调水平;环境综合指数较低,表明环境的建设滞后于社会经济的发展。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.