基于MODIS数据的云南省地表温度反演研究

基于MODIS数据反演云南省地表温度,采用分裂窗算法需要参数较少、易实现。研究表明:云南省地表温度由北向南递增,东部高、西部低,基本符合云南省实际情况。利用气象观测站实测数据进行验证,平均误差为3.16℃,两组数据基本接近,证明基于MODIS数据和分裂窗算法反演云南省地表温度是可行的。     

基于环境一号卫星的太湖流域地表温度与地表类型的关系分析

利用我国新发射的环境一号小卫星数据,以2010年3月26日环境一号卫星的红外波段为例,尝试根据同步MODIS数据反演大气水汽含量参数,采用Jimenez-Munoz和Sobrino的普适性单通道算法反演地表温度,经MODIS地表温度产品验证,地表温度反演精度满足要求. 将人工目视解译的2009年太湖流域土地利用、地表温度和归一化植被指数作相关性分析. 结果表明:当林地和农田、草地植被指数相同时,林地的地表温度比农田和草地低,因此林地比农田和草地的调节温度效果好,在城市中增加林地的面积,对缓解城市热岛效应的作用最大.      

湿地对福州市热岛效应影响遥感分析

以4期Landsat TM/OLI影像为基础,利用大气校正后的单窗算法对福州市地表温度进行反演并验证.进而利用ArcGIS的空间分析工具和土地利用/覆被类型数据,进行湿地对福州市热岛效应影响分析.结果显示:(1)通过地表温度实测数据对地表温度反演结果进行验证,二者之间R2值为0.9475,满足研究需要;(2)各土地利用/覆被类型中建设用地和道路的温度最高,成为城市热岛的主要热源.建设用地在所有地物中所占比例由1985年的10.6％增大到2015年的23.4％,其城市热岛贡献指数(UHI)由1985年的24％上升到93％;(3)湿地的冷岛效应对周围地物的高温环境具有一定的缓解作用,但是针对不同地物类型其影响范围并不相同;(4)1985—2015年湿地面积不断减少,冷岛效应正在逐渐减弱.湿地对周边地物地表温度的影响距离400 m减小到360 m,影响面积也由352 km2减小到320 km2,影响范围下降的平均速度为0.94 km2??a?1.     

河北海域海面温度遥感反演业务化算法

对MODIS数据海面温度反演传统劈窗算法进行修正,建立了适用于河北海域的海面温度反演模型。模型的系数是通过河北近海海域海面温度的实测数据与准同步的MODIS数据回归获得。利用实测数据对模型精度进行验证。结果表明,模型反演值与实测值一元线性回归R2为0.984,平均误差为0.4℃,平均相对误差为2.3%,均方根误差为0.5℃,满足业务化监测要求。最后将该反演模型应用到了2012~2014年河北海域海面温度遥感监测,分析统计年际变化趋势。该模型能够较真实地反映河北海域海面温度的分布变化状况。     

AMSR-E观测资料干扰对反演地表参数的影响

针对星载微波成像仪低频窗区通道观测数据中存在大范围无线电频率干扰(简称RFI)的情况,以微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)为例,首先用改进的主成分分析方法对RFI进行识别;进而探讨RFI存在对反演地表参数的影响.然后,利用经过线性拟合RFI订正后的AMSR-E观测资料,采用一维变分1D-Var方法进行地表参数反演,通过对美国地区陆地RFI订正前、后地表反演产品(地表温度及降水率)的比较,发现RFI干扰使得受影响区域反演的地表温度及降水率异常偏高,存在较大误差.因此,在使用星载微波成像仪低频窗区通道观测进行地表参数反演和资料同化前必须进行有效地RFI识别和订正,改进的主成分分析识别方法和线性拟合的RFI订正算法对陆地上观测是有效的.     

基于GOCI数据的霾天气气溶胶辐射强迫的日内变化——以长江三角洲为例

以长江三角洲（以下简称长三角）为研究区,基于2017年10~12月内共16d 94景的晴空静止卫星GOCI L1B图像和6S模型,采用深蓝算法反演长三角地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,并利用2个实测站数据进行验证.再通过反演得到的AOD结果进一步模拟计算该区域地表和大气层顶的气溶胶直接辐射效应（ADRE）,并结合典型的雾霾天气进行分析.结果表明：利用GOCI数据反演的AOD具有较高拟合精度,北辰楼站点拟合相关性R²为0.68,太湖站点为0.67.空间上,由于气溶胶存在制冷效应,AOD和地表面、大气层顶气溶胶直接辐射强度均呈现出显著的线性关系.时间上,由于气溶胶扩散和风向等因素,早上和下午辐射效应强度较高,中午较低.其中10：00和11：00影像可以较好地模拟日均ADRE的特征,利用ADRE日内变化成功捕捉到一次雾霾爆发并消失的现象,对气象部门监测近地表气温和分析灰霾的形成等具有重要意义.     

基于TVDI的滇西北土壤水分反演研究

以香格里拉为研究区,以2002年、2005年、2009年、2013年以及2015年的Landsat系列影像和气象数据为数据源,利用单窗算法反演地表温度。以Ts-NDVI特征空间原理为基础,应用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)反演香格里拉的土壤水分。通过GIS空间分析法完成对香格里拉2002—2015年的土壤水分动态反演。结果表明:2002年土壤水分含量最高,2005年土壤水分含量大幅度降低,2005—2015年呈持续上升的状态。宏观上比较典型的房屋建筑区及裸地处于严重干旱的状态,典型的耕地林地处呈现出中度干旱或轻度干旱的状态,植被覆盖度高的地区则受干旱影响较小,土壤较湿润。TVDI反演结果切合研究区的下垫面性质,与土地覆被类型密切相关。     

基于MODIS数据的太湖蓝藻变化与水温关系研究

以太湖为研究区,基于2008年4～12月的60景EOS—MODIS 1B遥感影像数据。利用NDVI算法结合目视判读解译了水华分布变化的基本信息,通过劈窗算法反演太湖湖面水温,发现在2008年太湖蓝藻生长、暴发、衰退周期中。水华面积的大小与湖面均温值之间关系密切：在20℃以下时表层水温与太湖蓝藻生长暴发或沉寂消亡具有明显的相关性;20℃-30℃时水华的面积大小受到湖面温度和其他因素的共同影响,容易发生大规模蓝藻暴发：30℃以上时过高的表层水温会对蓝藻的上浮聚集具有一定抑制作用：太湖蓝藻全年消亡的临界温度与其初始生长的临界温度相比更低。研究同时发现太湖湖面温度的空间差异是影响蓝藻水华分布迁移的重要因素之一。     

城市土地利用与地面热效应时空变化特征的关系——以成都市为例

利用2000-2008年TM/ETM+数据,基于遥感、GIS技术与人机交互式判读解译方法获取城市土地利用数据,运用单窗算法和空间建模方法定量反演城市地表温度;在此基础上,对城市土地利用与地面热效应时空变化特征的关系进行分析。结果表明:城市土地利用时空演变以耕地、林地向建设用地、水域转移导致面积快速下降与建设用地不断侵吞耕地为主要特征;土地利用变化导致地面低温区范围减少25.927×10⁴ hm²,常温区和高温区面积分别增加12.093×10⁴ hm²和5.834×10⁴ hm²;高温区中建设用地面积比例最大,建设用地与水域、水田的平均温度分别达最高与最低;地表温度空间格局表现为各温度区呈不同形状的带状分布,热源密集分布在成都市城南高新区、城西住宅区、城中心商贸区以及城东的工业基地等区域,二环路外温度呈下降趋势;建设用地加剧了城市热效应,而水域则缓解了城市热效,不透水性与地表温度的反演结果呈较强的正相关性。因此,研究结论对于热岛效应研究、改善人居环境具有科学意义和应用价值。     

基于TM影像的城市地表湿度对城市热岛效应的调控机理研究

论文以探究城市热岛效应调控机理为研究目的,以徐州地区1985-2010 年夏季四期Landsat TM影像为研究数据,应用单窗算法、K-T变换、空间叠加分析以及缓冲区分析等研究方法,对徐州市城市热岛时空变化特征进行了反演,重点对徐州市城市热岛强度的调控机理进行了分析并提出了通过K-T变换提取表示城市建成区内部植被与水体覆盖程度的城市地表湿度(ULSW)这一新指标.研究结果显示:城市地表湿度显著区对城市热岛效应起到了有效的调控作用,并且随着城市地表湿度值的提高,区域内部以及周围环境的温度都会随之下降.城市地表湿度指标对于城市热岛效应的调控水平具有一定的代表意义.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.