巯基改性海泡石吸附水中的Hg(Ⅱ)

为发展高效低廉的重金属废水处理技术、促进海泡石的资源化利用,利用巯基乙酸改性天然海泡石,并对改性材料进行扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、比表面、Zeta电位和红外光谱分析;采用静态吸附实验,研究了改性海泡石对水中Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学和热力学特征.结果表明,通过有机改性向海泡石中引入了巯基,改性海泡石的表面变得更加光滑,空隙增多,且带有更多的负电荷,有利于提高其对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附能力.改性海泡石吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)的最佳p H为6,30℃时可在60 min内达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合假二级动力学方程,初始吸附速率常数为0.063 mg·(g·min)~(-1);吸附热力学特征可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型很好地描述,改性海泡石对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为3.256 mg·g~(-1);该吸附过程为自发进行的吸热过程,是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果,但以物理吸附为主.     

改性麦草秸秆对水中磷酸根吸附效果的研究

为实现农作物秸秆资源化,解决水体富营养化问题,将麦草秸秆化学改性成一种可以有效吸附水体中磷酸根的阳离子型吸附剂.考察了吸附剂投加量、磷酸根溶液初始pH、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学过程和吸附机理.结果表明,在吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1和磷酸根溶液初始pH为4.0～7.5条件下,改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果最好,去除率均高于90%;改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式,饱和吸附容量为2.38 mmol·g-1;吸附过程符合一级反应动力学方程,为快速反应过程;反应活化能为12.6 kJ·mol-1,反应速率对温度的变化不敏感.     

巯基改性小麦秸秆对镉吸附与解吸的性能及机制

将小麦秸秆(WS)经碱预处理和巯基丙酰基改性后,制备出对Cd(Ⅱ)具有螯合作用的吸附剂巯基丙酰化小麦秸秆(MPWS).采用静态吸附实验、解吸实验和各种表征方法研究了MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附、解吸性能与机制.结果表明,当振荡速率为150r/min、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为2h、水样初始pH值为6.0时,MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果最佳,Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度为100mg/L水样中Cd(Ⅱ)的最高去除率为97.21%.解吸剂HCl溶液和EDTA溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸性能良好,最高解吸率均可达95%以上.MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温模型;MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附过程以及解吸剂对MPWS-Cd的解吸过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且均为自发吸热过程.MPWS中巯基、胺基、羟基、羧基参与了化学吸附中与Cd(Ⅱ)的配位反应,吸附机制主要包括配位作用、离子交换作用、静电吸附作用和物理吸附作用;HCl溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸机制主要为质子化作用,EDTA溶液对MPWS-Cd的解吸机制主要为配位竞争作用.     

巯基树脂的合成及对Hg2+的吸附特征

使用聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体,经一系列反应合成了一种苯环上含巯基的离子交换树脂(巯基树脂),研究了其对水中Hg2+的吸附特征. 巯基树脂的红外与元素分析结果表明,巯基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,树脂中b(巯基)为2.89 mmol/g. pH对吸附的影响较大,当pH为1时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量很低,因此,可以用酸洗树脂使其再生. 当pH为2～7时,巯基树脂对Hg2+的吸附量相差不大. 巯基树脂对水中Hg2+的吸附等温线结果表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,吸附量高达14.500 mg/g,且符合Langmuir模型. Hg2+在巯基树脂上的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,对于初始ρ(Hg2+)为1 mg/L的溶液,吸附后最终ρ(Hg2+)可降到0.003 mg/L.      

不同类型吸附剂去除水体中Sb(Ⅴ)的对比研究

本文对比研究了沸石、酸碱改性沸石、硅藻土、酸改性硅藻土、锰改性硅藻土、水葫芦干粉末、酸碱改性水葫芦干粉末、煤灰、煤渣、稻草秸秆粉末(40目)、稻草秸秆颗粒(粒径0.5cm)、玉米秸秆粉末(40目)、玉米秸秆颗粒(粒径0.5cm)、陶粒、铁氧化物改性陶粒等15种吸附材料吸附去除水体中Sb(Ⅴ)的效果。结果表明,在固液比为1 g∶50 m L,初始溶液p H=7.5±0.5,反应温度为25±2℃,震荡速率150 r/min,初始Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为1000μg/L,吸附反应时间为5h条件下,15种吸附材料对Sb(Ⅴ)具有显著不同的吸附效果,吸附量大小依次为煤渣铁氧化物改性陶粒锰改性硅藻土酸碱改性水葫芦干粉末煤灰玉米秸秆粉末酸碱改性沸石酸改性硅藻土玉米秸秆颗粒稻草秸秆粉末沸石稻草秸秆颗粒陶粒水葫芦硅藻土。通过对原始吸附材料进行不同改性处理,发现改性后材料相对于原始材料对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附能力有明显提升,其中锰改性硅藻土、酸碱改性水葫芦和铁氧化物改性陶粒对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附量分别为48.7、46.6和48.9μg/g。其中,铁氧化物改性陶粒作为一种新型的大颗粒吸附剂,不仅对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附性能好,而且相对于传统的粉末型吸附剂更易于从被处理水体中取出,避免了吸附剂和目标毒害元素驻留在水体中产生二次释放的环境风险,具有较好的应用潜力。     

改性玉米秸秆对水溶液中硝酸根的吸附动力学研究

为了将玉米秸秆资源化,成为一种能够有效去除水及废水中硝酸根的吸附剂,将玉米秸秆进行化学改性制备了阴离子交换剂.重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附热力学及动力学特性.结果表明,改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模式和Freundlich等温模式.在20℃和40℃条件下的最大吸附量分别为80.8407 mg·g-1和72.7273 mg·g-1.吸附过程放热,降低温度有利于吸附的进行.改性玉米秸秆对硝酸根的吸附为快速吸附过程,30min内即可达到吸附平衡.改性玉米秸秆对不同初始浓度硝酸根的吸附过程均为一级反应,吸附过程受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散同时控制.研究结果表明,改性玉米秸秆是一种良好的硝酸根吸附剂.     

玉米秸秆对Cr(Ⅵ)的生物吸附及热力学特征研究

以玉米秸秆粉为吸附剂,通过批实验讨论了玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率、体系初始pH值、吸附剂用量和温度等对水溶液中cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响,并讨论了Cr的化学形态变化和吸附过程的热力学特征.结果表明,向50mL浓度为50mg·L-1的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液中加入0.5 g玉米秸秆粉,于25℃、200r·min-1、pH 1.0的条件下恒温震荡3h,玉米秸秆粉对溶液中cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达97.77%,吸附过程伴随着氧化还原反应的发生.随着体系温度的升高,玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量增加.用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevick模型对吸附等温线进行拟合,发现Langmuir模型能更好地反映吸附过程特征,在298K时最大吸附量为14.46mg·g-1.对吸附热力学参数△G0、△G0和△S0的计算表明,吸附过程是吸热的自发过程.最后结合FTIR和SEM谱图,对吸附机理进行了探讨.研究发现,玉米秸秆粉对Cr(Ⅵ)同时存在吸附和还原能力,玉米秸秆粉是具有吸附污水中铬能力和潜在利用价值的生物质吸附剂.     

给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

给水厂污泥具有较强的吸附能力,可作为从水溶液中去除重金属的潜在吸附剂。通过试验分析了给水厂污泥(WTR)作为吸附剂去除溶液中Hg(Ⅱ)时,pH值、Hg(Ⅱ)初始浓度、污泥粒径以及温度对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响,确定了吸附过程的动力学及吸附等温模型,并探究了其吸附机理。结果表明：溶液pH值对给水厂污泥吸附Hg(Ⅱ)具有较大影响,当pH=8.0时吸附效果最佳。采用粒径较小的污泥有利于对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附,污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附量随着初始浓度的增加而增加。给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,平衡等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,25℃条件下pH为7.0时污泥的饱和吸附量达到69.13 mg/g。升温有利于给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附。通过分析吸附前后污泥比表面积和微孔体积的变化发现,颗粒内扩散是给水厂污泥吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的限速步骤。     

巯基功能化沸石吸附Hg2+特征及固化/稳定化含汞废物研究

采用3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷在天然斜发沸石表面进行自组装巯基改性,制得巯基功能化沸石.研究了吸附剂用量、pH值、温度、Hg2+浓度和吸附时间对巯基功能化沸石吸附Hg2+的影响,测定了巯基含量,并进一步研究了吸附机理.同时,探讨了巯基功能化沸石吸附剂作为稳定化剂固化/稳定化含汞危险废物的可行性.结果表明,巯基功能化沸石具有较高的巯基含量（1.91%±0.01%）,对Hg2+的吸附容量为87.72 mg·g-1,比天然沸石对Hg2+的吸附容量（8.06 mg·g-1）提高了近10倍.巯基功能化沸石吸附Hg2+的机制主要是表面的巯基与Hg2+的反应,其受pH值、温度的影响小于天然沸石.动力学实验结果表明,巯基功能化沸石吸附Hg2+以较快的速率进行,3h时基本达到吸附平衡.巯基功能化沸石做稳定化剂能够促进汞的稳定,与单独使用水泥相比固化体浸出汞浓度显著降低,含汞1000 mg·kg-1的模拟废物固化体浸出汞浓度低于国家标准.     

重金属吸附剂巯基丙酰化小麦秸秆的制备与表征

该文以小麦秸秆（WS）、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、L-半胱氨酸（L-Cys）、碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC·HCl)、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)为原料，通过化学预处理、酰化反应在WS中引入巯基官能团，制备出重金属吸附剂巯基丙酰化小麦秸秆（MPWS）。通过吸附实验考察了MPWS对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的去除性能，采用单因素实验法确定了MPWS的制备条件，借助红外分析（FTIR）、扫描电镜及能谱分析（SEM-EDS）等表征手段探讨了MPWS的制备机理和吸附机理。结果表明，在WS粒径为0.60 mm，化学预处理NaOH溶液浓度为0.1 mol/L,n(EDC·HCl)∶n(L-Cys)为0.05∶1,m(NHS)∶m(EDC·HCl)为1∶1,m(CWS)∶m(L-Cys)为1∶5，反应介质pH值为10，反应温度为35℃，反应时间为3 h的制备条件下，MPWS对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能最好，Cd(Ⅱ)的最高去除率可达94.20%。FTIR和SEM-EDS分析表明，NaOH溶液预处理除去了一定量的半纤维素、木质素，MPWS中成功引入了巯基、胺基、羧基，Cd(Ⅱ)被吸附到MPWS结构中；MPWS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.