南京冬季晴天及雾-霾天气纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化比较

利用2017年12月南京气溶胶数浓度与气象参数资料,比较研究晴天及雾-霾天中10~1000nm纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化规律及差异特征.结果表明,单峰谱型出现与污染加重有明显关系,分别出现在晴天午后、霾严重污染阶段和污染消散阶段、浓雾过程,峰值粒径分别为晴天（20~100nm）、霾天（27~144nm）和雾天（34~122nm）.3种天气条件下,晴天较强的太阳辐射和较低的湿度适合小粒子生成,核模态占比在晴天最高;霾天气象场适合爱根态粒子大量稳定存在,爱根态占比在霾天最高;雾天大量气溶胶吸湿增长,导致积聚态占比在雾天最高.在霾天污染物累积阶段,大量积聚态粒子对核模态、爱根态粒子的碰并增长作用抑制核模态、爱根态粒子生成,核模态和爱根态粒子浓度变化率为-91.0%和-62.5%,而积聚态为89.7%.浓雾过程对爱根态粒子清除作用最明显.     

南京夏季气溶胶吸湿增长因子和云凝结核的观测研究

为了更加全面地研究长三角地区气溶胶的理化特性,尤其是吸湿和活化特性,于2013年8月在南京市区对气溶胶的吸湿增长因子(GF)和云凝结核(CCN)展开相关观测研究.使用串联电迁移率颗粒物吸湿粒径分析仪(H-TDMA)观测32~350nm气溶胶在相对湿度为90%条件下的吸湿性参数,使用云凝结核计数器(CCNC)观测过饱和度在0.2%~0.8%的CCN数浓度.结果表明,不同气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长行为均表现出较为明显的双峰分布,即一个强吸湿模态和一个弱吸湿模态,且吸湿性在不同粒径(爱根核模态和积聚模态)上存在较为明显的不同,不溶性物质和二次气溶胶所占比重较大,并且在稳定的天气条件下,气溶胶的混合状态表现为由外混向内混发展的过程.观测期间该区域CCN的平均数浓度为13776(0.6%)cm-3,比沿海区、山区、干旱地区及清洁城市地区要高很多.其日变化表现为中午时刻出现峰值,影响因素主要与光化学反应有关.同时25日出现的轻雾过程对CCN有较为明显的清除作用.通过吸湿性参数计算得到的CCN数浓度和实际观测得到的CCN数浓度进行了闭合实验,结果显示出较好的相关性,表明将未饱和条件下观测得到的吸湿性参数带入到K?hler方程中,即可预测过饱和条件下气溶胶的活化能力.     

浙江金华秋季干气溶胶中主要化学组分的消光贡献解析

造成雾霾事件的主要原因是高浓度的大气细颗粒物污染.为了深入研究大气细颗粒物的消光来源,本研究采用高时间分辨率气溶胶观测仪器获得了浙江金华秋季PM1主要化学组分浓度及干气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数演变情况.结合有机气溶胶正矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)和多元线性回归方法,建立了拟合优度很高(R2=0.977)的细颗粒物中主要化学组分与干气溶胶消光系数间的定量关系模型.结果表明,观测期间消光贡献最大的是硫酸铵,贡献率为35.1%;其次是硝酸铵,贡献率为26.7%;二次有机气溶胶(SOA)、生物质燃烧有机气溶胶(BBOA)、黑碳(BC)及氯化铵的消光贡献率分别为14.3%、11.2%、8.7%、4.0%.在一些特定污染时段,BBOA具有最大的消光贡献,是导致此时大气能见度大幅度衰减的首要因子.     

黄山夏季气溶胶吸湿性及与化学组分闭合

大气气溶胶的吸湿性对其光学性质、云凝结核的活性以及人体健康都有重要影响.利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测获得的气溶胶的吸湿增长因子(GF)和多尺度气溶胶离子化学成分的观测数据,进行气溶胶吸湿性与化学组分的闭合研究.结果表明,黄山夏季气溶胶(在70~230 nm范围内)中硫酸铵、有机物(OC)、不可溶的物质含量最多,硝酸铵含量次之,硫酸氢铵含量最少,其中主要无机成分含量随着粒径的增加而逐渐增加;气溶胶在白天的吸湿性强于夜间,并且气溶胶粒子的吸湿性随粒径增加有逐渐增强的趋势;根据所有粒径的气溶胶粒子化学组分计算出的吸湿性参数κ值与κ观测值呈现大致相同的波动变化趋势,并且较接近观测值,决定系数r~2达到0.60.     

南京冬季云凝结核活化特征及闭合研究

2017年12月~2018年1月在南京地区对气溶胶的云凝结核（CCN）活化特征进行外场观测,并利用4种常用的闭合方法实现对CCN数浓度的预测.结果表明本次观测期间南京地区的气溶胶具有较高的CCN活性,吸湿性参数（κ）的平均值为0.36.对清洁到不同程度雾-霾天气溶胶污染的CCN活化特征进行对比分析,发现随着污染程度的加深,气溶胶的吸湿性逐渐减弱;在同一能见度（VIS）范围内,环境相对湿度（RH）更高的天气类型中气溶胶的吸湿性和活化能力也更高,这可能由于高RH条件能促进大气中非均相及液相反应生成更多的二次无机气溶胶.4种闭合方法的结果显示,利用临界粒径、截断粒径及粒径分辨的活化谱三种方法总体上均有较好的闭合结果.其中,对于低过饱和度（S）下的预测来说,利用截断粒径方法的闭合结果最为理想.     

气溶胶的辐射强迫作用研究进展

人类活动向大气中排放气溶胶,人为气溶胶增强了对太阳辐射吸收和散射直接改变地气系统的辐射平衡,又可以通过作为云凝结核或冰核改变云的微物理特性和停留时间、地表反照率等途径间接影响气候的辐射强迫。综合以往研究,文章主要总结了2种影响气候辐射强迫性质相反的黑碳气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶以及相对湿度和黑碳的混合状态对气溶胶辐射强迫效应的影响。完善对大气气溶胶,尤其是人类活动产生的气溶胶的气候强迫机制及对地气系统影响的认识。     

冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性观测研究

气溶胶吸湿性不仅影响颗粒物非均相化学反应过程和大气能见度,且对云凝结核形成起决定性作用.本研究运用加湿串联拆分迁移分析仪(H-TDMA)对冬季南京城市大气气溶胶吸湿性进行外场观测研究.结果表明:吸湿增长因子概率分布函数(GF-PDF)呈双峰分布,峰值分别为1.000±0.010(弱吸湿峰)和1.400±0.035(强吸湿峰);在85%相对湿度条件下,不同粒径段(40、80、110、150、200 nm)弱吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFLH)随粒径的增大从40%降低至20%,而强吸湿组粒子数目占比(NFMH)却从60%增加到80%.弱吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σLH)在0.04~0.05之间,而强吸湿组GF-PDF离散程度(σMH)0.1,说明强吸湿组粒子化学成分较复杂,外混合程度较高.对比各粒径段气溶胶吸湿性日变化规律发现,平均吸湿增长因子(GFmean)和NFMH均呈双峰特征,峰值分别出现在7:00和17:00左右.受夜晚边界层降低、强吸湿性组分非均相转化生成等影响,GFmean和NFMH夜间数值整体大于白天;受降水等气象条件影响,污染时段所有粒径段气溶胶的GFmean和NFMH均高于清洁时段.     

南京北郊春季气溶胶吸湿性分析

大气气溶胶的吸湿性对气溶胶粒子的谱分布、云凝结核形成、气候强迫、人体健康等均有重要的影响.利用吸湿性串联差分迁移率分析仪(HTDMA)在2014年4月16日~5月21日对南京北郊的大气气溶胶吸湿特性进行观测.30~230 nm气溶胶粒子在90%相对湿度下的吸湿增长观测结果表明,气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长因子平均概率分布函数(GF-PDF)呈现明显的双峰分布,即一个占主导地位的强吸湿模态,和一个相对较小但仍很明显的弱吸湿模态.对吸湿性的日夜对比分析发现,整体上白天的气溶胶粒子吸湿性大于夜间气溶胶粒子,白天强吸湿模态的粒子数目比例高于夜间,夜间气溶胶粒子的外混合程度更高.利用HYSPLIT模式对气溶胶来源分析结果表明,观测期间南京北郊主要受到3类气团的影响.其中西北大陆气团背景下爱根核模态粒子在经过大陆的长距离输送过程后,老化程度较高,吸湿性也更强.而对于积聚模态粒子,则为来自东方气团的粒子吸湿性更强,强吸湿模态粒子数目比例也较高.局地气团背景下气溶胶粒子在各粒径段都具有较高的强吸湿比例.     

四川乡村点新粒子生成特征及其对云凝结核数浓度的贡献

为揭示成渝地区大气复合污染成因,选择乡村点资阳站的冬季,实测了颗粒物数浓度及其粒径谱分布、云凝结核(CCN),在二氧化硫、光解速率(JO1D)实测值基础上估算了新粒子生成的重要前体物气态硫酸的浓度.2012年12月5日到2013年1月5日观测期间,3~582nm颗粒物数浓度水平较高,平均值为(16072±9713)cm-3.颗粒物数谱分布呈现以积聚模态为主体的特征,占总颗粒物数浓度的46%,此比值高于我国北京、上海、广州等城市和珠江三角洲及长江三角洲的乡村点和背景点.在较高颗粒物凝结汇(CS)水平下[(4.3±3.6)×10-2s-1],甄别出7次新粒子生成(NPF)事件,占观测天数的23%.NPF事件发生时,颗粒物生成速率与增长速率分别为(5.2±1.4)cm-3s-1,(3.6±2.5)nm/h. NPF事件对CCN数浓度有明显贡献,NPF发生后CCN数浓度平均增长19%.     

二次有机气溶胶壳对氯化钠核吸湿性的影响:基于单颗粒微观尺度

大气颗粒物吸湿特性能够影响颗粒物的光学效应、云凝结核活性和颗粒物表面的非均相反应特性.目前关于颗粒物内混结构的研究较多,但针对二次有机物对无机盐吸湿性影响的研究还比较缺乏.本研究利用一个2 L的气相流动反应管,实验室模拟α-蒎烯臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶过程,然后以氯化钠为种子气溶胶在流动反应管末端分别收集11、 15和20 h这3组不同时长二次有机物包裹无机盐具有核-壳结构的单颗粒样品.透射电镜结果显示该模拟系统可以制备典型氯化钠核-有机物壳的颗粒,且有机物壳的厚度随着收集时长的延长变厚.单颗粒吸湿系统研究显示,有机物壳会影响氯化钠的潮解点(纯氯化钠潮解点为77%),并且会束缚氯化钠核的吸湿增长,表现如下:11 h收集时长下单颗粒样品中氯化钠核在相对湿度75.5%时开始潮解,并于78%时完全潮解, 85%湿度下吸湿增长因子为2.5; 15 h单颗粒样品中氯化钠核潮解范围为75%～78.5%, 85%湿度下湿增长因子为2.3; 20 h样品中核潮解范围则为76%～83%, 85%湿度下湿增长因子为1.8.本研究结果表明:①二次有机物壳影响并使氯化钠提前吸湿潮解;②有机物壳滞后氯化钠的完全潮解点且有机壳越厚滞后作用越明显;③有机物壳抑制了氯化钠核的吸湿增长因子.该研究表明目前通过大气模式模拟及外场观测手段研究颗粒物吸湿性时应考虑无机盐颗粒表面二次有机包裹层的影响.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.