含盐染料废水高温厌氧处理工艺特性研究

研究升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)在高温条件下处理含盐染料废水的工艺特性及颗粒污泥性能。结果表明,在以常温厌氧絮状污泥为接种污泥,运行温度为(55±1)℃,水力停留时间为12h,含盐量为50000mg/L,CODCr为900~1000mg/L,染料活性红2(RR2)浓度为100mg/L条件下,78d达到运行稳定,CODCr和RR2去除率分别为44%和85%以上。反应器中高温耐盐厌氧颗粒污泥粒径为1.0~2.0mm,其生物相组成以短杆菌、球菌、丝状菌为主。     

CSTR中亚硝化颗粒污泥的变化过程研究

在连续全混反应器(CSTR)中接种SBR培养成熟的亚硝化颗粒污泥,考察反应器构型对亚硝化颗粒污泥生长和运行的影响特性.结果表明,反应器构型和进水模式变化初期部分颗粒污泥解体,污泥平均沉速下降;但随着反应器的进一步运行,CSTR中实现了亚硝化絮体污泥的快速颗粒化过程;整个研究过程中,虽颗粒粒径分布存较大变化,如粒径>2.5 mm颗粒的减少和粒径<0.3 mm颗粒的增加,但颗粒态污泥始终是CSTR中占优势的污泥形态.另外,研究表明反应器构型和进水模式的改变对出水中亚硝酸盐累积率(保持在85%左右)无显著影响,并且新生的小粒径颗粒污泥比大粒径颗粒具有更高的比反应活性,此CSTR中污泥的平均活性亦高于接种污泥平均活性.     

丝状菌膨胀污泥好氧颗粒化稳定性及微生物多样性

丝状菌作为污水生物处理中的常见菌种,被认为是诱发污泥膨胀的主要因素.然而由于其特殊的丝状形态,对污泥颗粒的形成起到了至关重要的作用.以丝状菌膨胀污泥为研究对象,探究丝状菌对污泥颗粒化过程及维持污泥颗粒稳定性的影响,并对污泥系统微生物多样性进行分析.试验分别接种丝状菌膨胀污泥(SVI=241.56 mL·g^-1)和絮状污泥(SVI=64.22 mL·g^-1)进行颗粒化培养,结果表明,膨胀污泥和絮状污泥颗粒出现时间分别为20 d和40 d,成熟颗粒粒径分别为650μm和700μm,膨胀污泥颗粒化时间仅为絮状污泥的一半.缺氧区添加后,颗粒都有不同程度破碎,但膨胀污泥培养的成熟颗粒SV₃₀/SV₅值短期波动后恢复至1,维持稳定性能力更强.微生物群落结构分析表明,膨胀污泥中norank＿o＿＿Saccharimonadales、unclassified＿o＿＿Saccharimonadales和unclassified＿f＿＿Saccharimonadaceae相对丰度从0.05%、0.01%和0.01%增长...     

工业有机废水为共基质培养降解五氯酚厌氧颗粒污泥

研究了工业有机废水和五氯酚(PCP)共存条件下,改良UASB反应器中厌氧污泥的颗粒化过程.实验发现降解PCP厌氧颗粒污泥形成可分成污泥驯化、颗粒污泥出现与成熟3个阶段,污泥颗粒化过程中污泥量、污泥活性和厌氧消化3大类群细菌数量与生态分布发生特征性变化,所培养颗粒污泥具有脱氯降解PCP的活性,产甲烷优势菌为杆状或长丝状产甲烷丝菌,在生物结构上形成互营微菌落,但污泥颗粒无明显层次性微结构.作为共基质的有机废水其种类影响着颗粒化进程、颗粒污泥脱氯活性与产甲烷优势菌.     

颗粒污泥的风干过程及其结构特征

采用SBR反应器培养丝状菌颗粒污泥,反应器运行第18、23、27 d依次出现普通好氧活性污泥黄色颗粒、黑色丝状真菌颗粒,及具有光滑表面的白色微丝菌颗粒.对出现的以上3种颗粒污泥进行风干实验,分析了不同类型颗粒表面结合自由水和毛细水的分布特性：丝状菌形成的黑色和白色颗粒表面结合的自由水分别为79%和83%,而传统的以细菌...     

常温处理生活污水微氧高效颗粒污泥反应器内颗粒污泥性能研究

为了分析微氧高效颗粒污泥反应器(EGSB反应器)在环境温度下处理实际生活污水时高效稳定运行的可行性,对15~26℃常温处理实际生活污水微氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥活性、沉淀性能、粒径分配、形态等进行研究.结果表明,15~26℃常温处理实际生活污水微氧EGSB反应器稳定运行时颗粒污泥沉速在11~79m·h-1之间,低沉速污泥有少量上浮至三相分离器底部甚至三相分离器上部,但没有出现污泥的流失,污泥浓度达到28g·L-1（以MLSS计）,可获得93.4%、83.8%、74.7%和44.0%的高COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除率;污泥产甲烷活性并没有降低,甚至比单纯厌氧时还有所偏高;颗粒污泥的平均粒径增大,主要集中0.63~2.00mm之间,质量分数达到了89%,既能保证反应器内的高污泥浓度,又能保证污染物质向颗粒表面和颗粒内部的高效传质,提高污染物质的转化率.颗粒污泥不同层面上微生物菌群发生了很大变化,外层丝状菌占优势,内层杆菌、丝状菌、球菌混生.微生物菌群排列紧密,细胞间紧密结合,集群协同作用使代谢物质能够以最短距离高效传递,保证了微氧EGSB反应器在常温、低浓度下的高效稳定运行.     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受PFOS的结构稳定性及微生物响应

以好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)长期驯化实现耐PFOS颗粒的培养,考察不同驯化时期的污泥基本特性,并结合微生物群落演替过程、微生物表型分布以及功能途径的变化情况,以揭示其耐受机制。结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥经历解体、再形成和成熟3个阶段后可在PFOS暴露下稳定维持。驯化成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥表面丝状菌减少,并且被大量胞外聚合物(EPS)所包裹,结构更加致密。驯化期间颗粒污泥中存在大量抗性细菌以及维持颗粒稳定相关细菌,主要包括unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae、Defluviicoccus、Dongia、Rhodoplanes、Flavobacterium、Thauera、Azospira、Candidatus_Competibacter、Azoarcus和norank_f__A4b,且部分菌属间存在显著的正相关性。群体感应途径和细菌趋化途径相关基因丰度在解体期上调,在颗粒形成和成熟期恢复至初始水平,说明细菌的群体感应效应和趋化性能够在颗粒应激过程中起重要作用。因此,好氧颗粒污泥可以通过特定菌群积极响应、促进细菌趋化作用和群体感应作用、提高EPS分泌量、增强系统抗氧化胁迫能力等多种方式耐受PFOS。采用菌胶团型好氧颗粒污泥以及向好氧颗粒污泥系统中投加上述菌剂或添加信号分子有利于处理含PFOS废水。     

好氧颗粒污泥稳定性影响因素分析

在内循环气升式间歇反应器对好氧颗粒污泥颗粒化过程进行了研究,从污泥负荷率和碳源特性分析了好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性。以蔗糖为碳源时,反应器在较低的曝气量下生长有大量的丝状真菌,而在较高的曝气量下有利于污泥形成表面光滑的颗粒,但当污泥负荷过低时,光滑的颗粒污泥表面开始迅速生长丝状真菌而导致颗粒污泥不稳定。试验表明以蔗糖为碳源物质形成好氧颗粒污泥速率快,但其操作条件难控制,容易引起丝状真菌的大量生长;以乙酸钠为碳源物质,形成颗粒污泥速度慢,污泥颗粒化程度不高;而以蔗糖与乙酸钠为混合型碳源进行好氧颗粒污泥的培养证明了形成的好氧颗粒污泥表面光滑,没有丝状菌的存在,并且颗粒污泥易于稳定运行。     

城市污水处理厂活性污泥的表面形态和微观结构研究

使用光学显微镜、电子显微镜和激光粒度分析仪考察了某城市污水处理厂中活性污泥的表面形态和微观结构。结果显示:该活性污泥中菌胶团结构致密,数量多,形状不规则,部分丝状细菌从絮状污泥结构中伸出,连接着不同的污泥絮体;污泥中原生动物数量较多,种类丰富,并生长有少量微型后生动物;电子显微镜观察显示出活性污泥主要由数量众多的细菌和有机质等组成,其中球状细菌在微生物类群中占据主导地位;粒径为100μm的活性污泥絮体所占比例最大,达到7.6%。     

SBR法处理生活污水时非丝状菌污泥膨胀的发生与控制

采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理实际生活污水.研究了低溶解氧条件下,有机负荷对污泥膨胀的影响和突然降温对污泥沉降性能的影响.低溶解氧条件下,当有机负荷为0 20kg·(kg·d)-1和0 26kg·(kg·d)-1时,活性污泥中虽然有丝状菌存在,但并没有发生污泥膨胀.有机负荷达到0 57kg·(kg·d)-1时,菌胶团过量生长,发生非丝状菌污泥膨胀.提高溶解氧,降低有机负荷可使污泥沉降性能恢复正常.突然降温,也会导致非丝状菌污泥膨胀.恢复温度后,膨胀现象可得到控制.非丝状菌污泥膨胀除了没有丝状菌过量增殖外,还具有污泥有粘性,泥水混合液难过滤的特点.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.