错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究

采用外压管式聚砜－聚丙烯腈共混超滤膜进行错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究,结果表明,清洗时采用高膜面流速、低操作压力和限制透过液对流传递作用有利于错流膜生物反应器通量的恢复,这符合膜藏去除过程中的传质机理;适宜的膜面流速应稍大于临界流速ｖｋ＝１．９２ｍ／ｓ,清洗时间应控制在１０ｍｉｎ,适宜的清洗操作压力为０．０７ＭＰａ。     

超滤法处理含乳化油废液

采用板框式超滤装置对钢管玫冷却用乳化油废液进行处理试验,结果表明,板框式超滤器在压力低于０．４０ＭＰａ,运行温度４０－４５℃条件下,配用ＰＳＦ超滤膜,可将乳化油废液一次连续浓缩,含油量由２％增至４０－５０％,体积２０倍,超滤平均通量５－２０Ｌ（ｍ＾２．ｈ）＾－１,渗透液中含油量降至１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１以下,油分截留率大于９９％,ＣＯＤ截留率大于９０％     

膜-复合式生物反应器组合系统操作条件及稳定运行特性

对膜－复合式生物反应器的操作条件和稳定运行特性进行研究。采用平板式聚丙烯腈超滤膜进行实验,适宜操作压力为０．１５ＭＰａ,适宜膜面流速１．４－１．７ｍ／ｓ,ＨＲＴ至少可以控制在４ｈ,悬浮污泥浓度是影响膜通透量的重要因素之一,适宜值为２－２．５ｇ／Ｌ左右。     

高浓度难降解有机废水低压湿式催化氧化处理

在湿式空气氧化法和Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂的基础上,研究了一种新的低压湿式催化氧化法．该法与湿式空气氧化法相比,压力为０．１－０．６ＭＰａ,而后者压力为３．５－１０ＭＰａ;温度小于１８０℃;与Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ法相比,当Ｈ２Ｏ２ＣＯＤ（重量比）小于１．２时,对ＣＯＤ大于１４０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的含酚废水,ＣＯＤ去除率提高２０％以上,试验证实硫酸在加温、加压（０．１－０．６ＭＰａ,１０４－１６５℃）条件下对Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂除ＣＯＤ具有协同作用．用该法还进行了部分染料和农药废水处理研究．     

加压上流式好氧污泥床(PUASB)法处理制药废水初探

在进水ＣＯＤ为５００－６００ｍｇ／Ｌ、压力ｐ＝０．２ＭＰａ、回／流比Ｒ＝６条件下,加压上流式好氧泥泥床平均ＣＯＤ去除率为７１％,出水基本达到国家排放标准;进水ＣＯＤ为１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上,在ｐ＝０．３ＭＰａ、Ｒ＝６条件下,ＣＯＤ去除率仍可达到７０％左右。     

影响一体式好氧膜生物反应器膜清洗周期的几个因素

一体式好氧中空纤维膜生物反应器不同操作条件下处理生活污水的试验结果表明,在膜通量１０．４Ｌ／ｍ＾２．ｈ）污泥龄２０ｄ,污泥去除负荷（ＣＯＤ／ＶＳＳ）为０．２２ｋｇ（ｋｇ．ｄ）的正常稳定运行条件下,该系统可在整个膜寿命期限内（３－５ａ）不同洗燕得到优质出水;ＣＯＤ〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,无色无味透明,未检出大肠杆菌,其中,污泥去除负荷,系统运行稳定状况和反应器流态是影响膜清洗周期     

气相色谱法测定环境空气及工业废气中的乙醛

用气相色谱法测定环境空气和工业废气中的乙醛，以１％ＮａＨＳＯ３溶液富集吸收，以ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ的固定液，ＧＣＳ－８８０－ＡＷ－ＤＭＣＳ为载体，用氢焰离子化检测器进行色谱测定，研究了采样方法，样品保存和最佳色谱条件等，方法的采样效率不小于９９．０％，精密度和准确度较高；方法的最低检出浓度为０．０４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性

中空纤维膜生物反应器生活污水处理特性的试验研究结果表明：Ｄ ＨＲＴ为１．５ｈ,ＣＯＤ容积负荷为５．７６ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ）条件下,均可实现９０％以上的ＣＯＤ去除率;对ＮＨ３－Ｎ的去除率可稳定在９０％以上,高ＭＬＳＳ浓度８０００－１００００ｍｇ·Ｌ）提供了内部厌氧环境,使膜生物反应器的Ｔ－Ｎ去除率可达５０－６０％,中空纤维生物反应器处理高效,不受冲击负荷影响,操作管理方便,其生活物反应器体积比常规生     

Cu－T(4－MOP)PS4光度法间接测定水中可溶性硫化物

利用Ｃｕ２＋与水中的Ｓ２－形成难溶的ＣＵＳ,剩余Ｃｕ２＋的含量用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４光度法测定,间接求得Ｓ２－的含量．研究了沉淀和显色的最佳条件．在ＰＨ８．５左右,形成难溶的ＣｕＳ,过量的铜在ｐＨ４．０用Ｔ（４－ＭＯＰ）ＰＳ４显色,然后用稀ＨＣｌ酸化至ＰＨ２．３左右测定,以提高方法的选择性,并探讨了共存离子的干扰情况．Ｓ２－的含量在０－０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合比尔定律,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９５,回收率为９４．０２％－１００．８％．建立的方法用于废水中可溶性硫化物的测定,结果与标准方法一致．     

液膜法自理氨氮废水工艺条件研究

采用液膜法处理低浓度氨氮废水，处理后出水中ＮＨ３－Ｎ为１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＳＳ、ＰＨ、ＣＯＤ均达到工业废水排放标准，对液膜组成及用量，膜增强剂选用，外相废水ＰＨ选择等工艺条件组合效果进行了试验，结果确定以２０％硫酸为内相，６％Ｓｐａｎ－８０＋１１％液体石蜡＋煤油为液膜组成、ＰＨ９．０－９．５废水为外相的处理体系，能达到最佳处理效果。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.