煤矿开采区地下水环境影响评价方法与治理研究

针对煤矿开采对地下水污染的问题,首先分析了煤矿开采对地下水污染的影响因素,然后通过对研究区域地下水污染物组分的分析,考虑各种评价方法的优缺点,采用模糊综合评判法,对煤炭开采对地下水的污染做出了比较合乎实际的评价。最后,对防治煤矿开采对地下水污染工作提出一些建议。     

黑龙江、松花江航道疏浚工程对水生生物环境影响研究

针对黑龙江、松花江航道疏浚工程对水生生物环境影响问题,提出了疏浚工程对水生生物的影响,包括对浮游植物的影响、对浮游动物的影响、对底栖动物的影响和对水生植物的影响,将产生泥沙、悬浮物、噪音、底质改变及机械废水、固体垃圾等,进而对鱼类资源的影响分析,包括施工噪音对鱼类的影响,如对鱼类栖息地的影响、对鱼类摄食生长的影响、对鱼类产卵行为的影响、悬浮物对鱼类生存的影响、对鱼类卵、苗的影响和对鱼类洄游通道的影响。     

利用互联网对大学生生态环境思想培养路径研究

利用互联网对大学生生态环境思想培养路径探索,文中介绍了互联网对大学生生态环境思想的影响,包括完善互联网对大学生生态环境的管理,提出互联网对大学生生态环境思想的培养,主要探讨互联网对大学生生态环境思想培养的成绩、互联网对大学生生态环境建设案例和互联网对大学生生态环境思想培养问题,最后提出互联网对大学生生态环境思想培养路径,主要包括生态环境意识要深入大学生心中,生态环境意识与大学生的行为结合和生态环境意识与大学生的道德素养。     

大学城学生宿舍甲醛污染状况分析及对策研究

目前,广大居民已意识到室内甲醛污染对人体健康的危害,纷纷对室内污染情况进行检测,采取各种措施治理居室甲醛污染。本文对常州市大学城学生宿舍内甲醛浓度进行测定,认定来源,并对宿舍中的学生进行走访,调查他们对室内空气污染的主观感受,提出治理大学生宿舍甲醛污染的具体措施。     

京津冀地区汽车运输碳排放影响因素研究

以空间相关性和空间异质性为基础,构建SLM-STIRPAT、SEM-STIRPAT和GWR-STIRPAT模型,对京津冀地区汽车运输碳排放进行测算和影响因素分析.结果表明：京津冀地区汽车运输碳排放存在显著空间相关性和空间异质性.人口对汽车运输碳排放呈正向影响;人均GDP对货运碳排放和总量碳排放呈正向影响,对客运碳排放呈负向影响,城镇化水平对汽车运输碳排放呈负向影响.第三产业增加值对客运碳排放和总量碳排放呈正向影响,对货运碳排放呈负向影响,人口对张家口市汽车运输碳排放影响最为显著;人均GDP对秦皇岛市和沧州市的汽车运输碳排放影响最为显著;城镇化水平对秦皇岛市的汽车运输碳排放影响最为显著;第三产业增加值对秦皇岛市的汽车运输碳排放影响最为显著.     

铁路运输企业能效对标管理体系研究——以某铁路运输企业为例

能效对标管理体系由能效对标指标体系和对标评价体系所组成。本文以某铁路运输企业为例,结合其实际工作特点,建立能效对标指标体系,针对企业自身和下属站段分别制定了两级对标指标;建立能效对标评价体系,对企业自身和下属单位分别进行对标评价。能效对标管理为该铁路运输企业运营管理提供了一种新模式,能效对标管理体系的建立为其能效对标工作的开展和能效水平的提升提供了支撑和依托。     

环境意识影响因素对大学生垃圾分类行为的研究

利用正交设计对环境意识影响大学生垃圾分类行为的结果进行分析,了解适应性、攀比心理、宣传、学校强制性要求等因素对垃圾分类的影响程度,结合方差分析法对结果进行综合评价,为高校促进大学生进行垃圾分类提供理论依据.分析表明,不同影响因素对男、女生的影响程度不同.其中,强制性因素对女生影响比较大,而攀比心理对男生影响比较大.因此,建议高校对女生采取监督管制的手段提高其环境表现,对男生采取公开垃圾分类结果的方法促进其进行垃圾分类.     

环糊精对硝基化合物混合体系微生物降解影响

通过对硝基苯和对硝基苯酚混合体系微生物降解过程的研究,探讨了在降解过程中加入-环糊精及其衍生物羧甲基--环糊精(CMCD)对混合体系微生物降解的影响.研究表明,对硝基苯酚不能被单独降解;硝基苯能与对硝基苯酚产生共代谢作用,对硝基苯酚浓度影响混合体系的降解程度.加入环糊精能促进对硝基苯酚的降解率,影响程度与对硝基苯酚的浓度和环糊精的种类及量有关.     

朱庄水库水体氮循环系统对水质的影响分析

通过朱庄水库流域污染源调查,氮污染是朱庄水库水体的主要污染物.结合对水库水体氮循环发生机理进行分析,在分析时,考虑水温、溶解氧和酸碱度等环境因子对氮循环的影响.硝化作用对减少氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮两种污染物起积极作用,反硝化作用受环境因子限制,对硝酸盐氮的降解并不明显.通过对朱庄水库氮循环对水质的影响分析,为制定水库供水方案提供科学依据.     

水电大坝扰动与栖息地质量变化——以漫湾电站为例

分析了水电大坝建设对栖息地影响的原理和时空特征,在此基础上选取了水电大坝对栖息地影响的主要指标,建立了大坝对上游库区和坝下栖息地影响的评价指标体系.并以云南省澜沧江干流上的漫湾电站为例,通过对漫湾电站建坝前后各个栖息地指标变化率的分析和集成,探讨了漫湾电站的建设和运营对库区和坝下栖息地的影响,并确定了影响强度.研究结果表明,漫湾大坝对上游栖息地的髟响强度值为0.53,对下游栖息地的影响强度值为0.37,即短期时间内,对上游库区栖息地的影响大于对坝下栖息地的影响;对上游栖息地影响最大的是栖息地连续性(1.00)和栖息地面积(0.58);对下游栖息地影响最大的是栖息地连续性(0.68)和稳定性(0.65).     

An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan

Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.     

珠江口水域细菌抗药性的研究

为了解珠江口水域细菌耐药性分布情况,将海水中细菌分离鉴定并进行细菌药敏实验.结果检出细菌22种120株,检测得120株细菌的抗生素谱,具有较高细菌耐药性的抗生素为:青霉素G耐药菌株的百分比为43.30%、氨苄青霉素AM的为 51.70%、头孢唑啉CI的为44.20%、卡那霉素K的为 46.70%、阿米卡星AN 的为50.80%、新生霉素NOV的为 60.00%、四环素TE 的为60.80%、复方新诺明SX的为 43.30%.细菌对链霉素S、诺氟沙星NOR、氯霉素C、环丙沙星CIP的耐药性比较低,分别为16.70%、16.70%、14.20%、13.30%.本实验对海洋微生物的研究、抗生素的安全使用以及环境保护均具有一定的指导意义.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

临港工业区生态化发展的探索与思考

实现临港工业区向生态工业区转变是贯彻实践科学发展观、推进生态文明建设的重要抓手,是加快转变经济发展方式、促进经济转型升级的内在要求,是提升城市综合功能、增强核心竞争力的迫切需要,也是全面改善民生、构建和谐社会的重要内容。本文介绍了北仑区实现临港工业区向生态区转变的主要成效,分析了发展过程中存在的主要问题及原因,最后提出了加快推进临港工业向生态工业发展的对策。     

加强食品安全建设的战略思考

食品安全是关系国计民生的大事.该文分析了我国食品安全问题产生的原因,提出了推进食品安全建设的思路:加强环境整治;加强从业人员的社会责任和职业道德建设;加强市场的准入管制;加强检验检测体系建设;加强法制建设;加强宣传教育;加强监管体系建设.     

Framing the private land conservation conversation: Strategic framing of the benefits of conservation participation could increase landholder engagement

How conservation messages are framed will impact the success of our efforts to engage people in conservation action. This is highly relevant in the private land conservation (PLC) sector given the low participation rates of landholders. Using a case study of PLC schemes targeted at Australian landholders, we present the first systematic analysis of communication strategies used by organisations and government departments delivering those schemes to engage the public. We develop a novel approach for analysing the framing of conservation messages that codes the stated benefits of schemes according to value orientation. We categorised the benefits as flowing to either the landholder, to society, or to the environment, corresponding to the egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value orientations that have been shown to influence human behaviour. We find that messages are biased towards environmental benefits. Surprisingly, this is the case even for market-based schemes that have the explicit objective of appealing to production-focussed landholders and those who are not already involved in conservation. The risk is that PLC schemes framed in this way will fail to engage more egoistically oriented landholders and are only likely to appeal to those likely to already be conservation-minded. By understanding the frame in which PLC benefits are communicated, we can begin to understand the types of people who may be engaged by these messages, and who may not be. Results suggest that the framing of the communications for many schemes could be broadened to appeal to a more diverse group (and thus ultimately to a larger group) of landholders.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques,with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity. During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

制备斜发沸石和零价铁复合材料处理水中的六价铬污染

为了更好地降低我国地下水中六价铬污染给公众的健康带来的危害,本研究以渗透反应墙为处理地下水六价铬污染的主要方法,沸石和零价铁为反应材料,结合沸石虽价格低廉,但经长时间运行后吸附的六价铬有可能发生解吸,零价铁虽能完全去除六价铬但成本很高的特点,研发出了斜发沸石和零价铁的复合材料,以作为渗透反应墙的填充材料.研发主要分三个步骤:1)遴选出吸附效果较好的斜发沸石;2)确定最优表面活性剂及最优施用浓度;3)确定沸石与零价铁的复合工艺方法.最终方案为斜发沸石、六烷基三甲基溴化铵、还原铁粉、斜发沸石粉和超纯水按比例均匀混合后加热至90℃.由此制得的复合材料,具有良好的反应性能和便于装填的形状,生产成本也比较低廉,可以作为修复六价铬污染的反应墙填充材料.     

Climate Change Daaptational Deficiencies in Developing Countries: the Case of Sub-Saharan Africa

Adaptation is nowrecognized as an inevitable component ofthe overall climate change responsestrategy. For a developing region likesub-Saharan Africa with low greenhouse gasemissions and high vulnerability to theimpacts of climate change, the importanceof adaptation in climate change policy iseven more fundamental. This paper examined alook at the adaptational preparedness ofthe sub-Saharan African region to climatechange. Clearly evident in theenvironmental strategy and developmentfocus of these countries is lack ofrecognition of the need to adapt, poorincentive to adapt and low capacity toadapt to climate change. This furtherexacerbates their vulnerability and hasimplications for the global climate changeresponse strategy. Unfortunately, fewattempts have been made to understand thestructural reasons underlying the pervasivepattern of adaptational unpreparedness inthe region, neither has there been acomprehensive and systematic analysis ofhow to remedy this problem. This paper is acontribution in this regard. It alsohighlights the factors to whichinternational community need to payattention, if it truly wishes to make itsefforts at adaptation more global inscope.     

Caps and gaps: a computer model for studies on brood incubation strategies in honeybees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera carnica</Emphasis>)

In addition to heat production on the comb surface, honeybee workers frequently visit open cells (“gaps”) that are scattered throughout the sealed brood area, and enter them to incubate adjacent brood cells. We examined the efficiency of this heating strategy under different environmental conditions and for gap proportions from 0 to 50%. For gap proportions from 4 to 10%, which are common to healthy colonies, we find a significant reduction in the incubation time per brood cell to maintain the correct temperature. The savings make up 18 to 37% of the time, which would be required for this task in completely sealed brood areas without any gaps. For unnatural high proportions of gaps (>20%), which may be the result of inbreeding or indicate a poor condition of the colony, brood nest thermoregulation becomes less efficient, and the incubation time per brood cell has to increase to maintain breeding temperature. Although the presence of gaps is not essential to maintain an optimal brood nest temperature, a small number of gaps make heating more economical by reducing the time and energy that must be spent on this vital task. As the benefit depends on the availability, spatial distribution and usage of gaps by the bees, further studies need to show the extent to which these results apply to real colonies. M. Fehler and M. Kleinhenz contributed equally to this work.