甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流粗大颗粒冲击力特征分析

本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查获取了舟曲三眼峪泥石流沟相关资料,并根据这些收集整理的资料分别对三眼峪沟及其支沟(大峪沟、小峪沟)泥石流动力学重要参数-冲击力,进行计算与特征分析,该参数计算结果对该沟泥石流防治工程参数设计有一定的参考作用,对灾区灾后重建有重要意义。分析发现泥石流流通区最大颗粒冲击力比堆积区的大,而堆积区粗大颗粒的冲击力呈先增大后减小的趋势并与粗大颗粒的最大直径呈单调线性关系;堆积区的粗大颗粒形态主要为棱柱状(长方体、立方体)、角锥状、菱形状。最后以利子依达沟为例对计算结果进行简要评估,并在上述计算与特征分析的基础上提出三眼峪泥石流沟针对性防灾减灾建议。     

金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝址施工区泥石流易发性与危险区初步分析

2012年6月28日,金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝址施工区的9条泥石流沟暴发了泥石流灾害。在实地调查基础上,应用规范中的模糊数学评判方法对9条泥石流沟进行了泥石流易发程度判别,进一步采用了模拟计算和现场调查2种方法对9条泥石流沟危险区进行了初步区划。分析结果得出:a)除延吉沟和凉水沟的泥石流易发程度为轻度易发外,其余泥石流沟的泥石流易发程度均为中等易发,其中以大寨沟为最易发,矮子沟次之;b)单沟泥石流危险性从大到小的顺序依次为:大寨沟矮子沟大石垴沟白鹤滩沟延吉沟凉水沟牛路沟海子沟蔡家坪沟;c)单沟泥石流危险区面积为1.61km2,占流域总面积的0.7%。最后,在上述分析结果的基础上提出了针对性的泥石流防灾建议。     

雅砻江中游老里沟坡面型泥石流成因机制及危险度评价

坡面泥石流是山地分布最广,出现频率最高的灾害现象。基于野外现场调查及室内实验分析,阐述了老里沟坡面型泥石流的基本特征及形成机制,并结合泥石流动力特征参数进行了危险度评价。研究结果表明:滑坡体上坡面侵蚀沟道发育,为坡面型泥石流的形成提供了强有力的条件;降雨是诱发老里沟坡面流的主要因素;老里沟泥石流类型为高中频、小规模、粘性、暴雨型泥石流,属于中度危险泥石流沟。     

云南省马鞍山沟泥石流危险度评价

为了保证金沙江某码头工程的顺利进行,特对马鞍山沟泥石流做危险度评价。根据对马鞍山沟泥石流的调查与分析,结合前人的研究成果,选取了一次泥石流最大冲出量、松散固体物质储量、最大漂砾粒径、最大容重、最大12小时暴雨量、流域最大相对高差、泥石流发生频率、流域面积等8个危险因子。采用模糊综合评判法,建立评价因子隶属函数与模糊矩阵;依据最大隶属度原则得出所属危险度;结果显示:马鞍山沟泥石流的危险度为中度危险,在强降雨激发下有可能发生泥石流灾害。     

俄瓜热十多沟泥石流活动特征与防治对策

针对2012年7月9日俄瓜热十多沟流域形成的较大规模的泥石流,从泥石流的形成角度,对该流域的地形分区特征、冲淤特征、物源条件及堵河条件进行了研究,分析了泥石流的成因机制及引发因素,并根据泥石流的活动特征参数提出以拦为主的5坝1坊2堤工程治理方案。该方案可达到有效的拦砂、固床、压坡目的,将泥石流灾害防治与公路规划建设相结合,其减灾防灾效益非常显著。     

典型冲沟型泥石流动力学特征——以四川省泸定县麻沙坡沟为例

以泸定县麻沙坡沟为例,根据该冲沟的沟特征与沟谷泥石流沟特征相似的结果,采用沟谷型泥石流动力学经验公式计算该沟于2005年爆发的一次泥石流的流速、流量、一次泥石流总量及输砂量,计算得到的泥石流流量、固体物质总量和与现场调查结果较一致,表明沟谷型泥石流动力学经验公式同样适用于冲沟型泥石流,同样说明冲沟型泥石流不同于坡面泥石流,应将其单独划分为一类或归于沟谷型泥石流。     

泥石流灾害的事故树分析方法研究

为了解决泥石流灾害预防工作中的问题,本文通过系统安全工程的事故树分析方法,找到影响泥石流灾害产生的主要因素,构建泥石流灾害事故树图,从最小割集、最小径集、结构重要度三方面全面分析阐述了各基本事件对泥石流发生的影响程度以及它们之间的逻辑关系,找到预防关键因素并结合实际情况,提出预防泥石流灾害的一些建议。该结论为泥石流灾害的预防和治理提供了一定的参考和依据。     

基于变权-靶心贴近度模型的泥石流灾害影响下桥梁工程易损性评价

为科学防治泥石流灾害对桥梁工程的危害,开展泥石流灾害影响下桥梁工程易损性评价尤为重要.提出一种基于变权-靶心贴近度模型的泥石流灾害影响下桥梁工程易损性评价方法.该方法首先从桥梁抗灾能力、泥石流破坏能力和桥梁恢复能力三个方面选取桥梁工程易损性评价指标,建立了泥石流灾害影响下桥梁工程易损性评价指标体系与易损性分级标准;然后...     

基于耦合协同理论的泥石流危险性评价研究

泥石流地质灾害是降雨、松散物源和自然地理条件共同作用的结果,在泥石流暴发形成过程中,降雨条件、物源条件和自然地理条件三者之间存在着复杂的耦合关系,各要素之间相互作用、协同演化。因此,根据系统耦合协同理论和熵值赋权理论,本文建立泥石流暴发系统的耦合协调评价模型,并对重庆市北碚区典型泥石流单沟进行了耦合协调程度和危险性评价,评价结果与泥石流暴发的实际情况相吻合,能够为泥石流灾害的预防提供理论支撑。     

金川县沙耳干河坝泥石流治理工程研究

金川县境内的沙耳干河坝泥石流沟泥石流活动频繁,暴发频率属于中等。为了减少泥石流灾害的威胁和危害,进行现场踏勘,开展泥石流的治理工程研究,具有重要意义。拦砂坝、谷坊坝、单侧防护堤、排导槽和导流堤等工程对泥石流的预防与治理具有显著作用,采用多种措施相结合的方式相对于单一措施更为有效。在治理工程的建设过程中可能引发相应的环境问题,对其中影响较大的水土流失问题提出防治措施,并进行可行性研究,同时提出实施建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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