广州暖季夜间臭氧增加事件的特征及一次水平输送个例分析

近年来,我国粤港澳大湾区臭氧污染问题日益突出,夜间臭氧浓度呈增长趋势.目前,大部分研究主要关注于白天臭氧的生成过程,而对夜间臭氧浓度不降反升现象的认识明显不足.本研究利用2014—2019年粤港澳大湾区中心城市广州的污染物观测数据,统计了夜间臭氧出现增加(NOE:nocturnal ozone enhancement,定义为夜间20:00—6:00臭氧相邻时刻增加量大于5×10^-9 (Part per billion,下同))的频率、出现时间、峰值浓度,结合ERA5再分析数据和常规气象观测数据分析了NOE事件的潜在成因及垂直和水平输送的相对贡献大小.结果表明,广州暖季(4—11月)夜间出现NOE事件的年平均天数为(59±11) d,主要发生于23:00—3:00.NOE事件造成的夜间峰值浓度可达到(33±10)×10^-9,明显高于不出现夜间臭氧增加(NNOE:non-enhanced nocturnal ozone,定义为夜间20:00—6:00臭氧相邻时刻增加量均小于1×10^-9)时的浓度((16±12)×10     

粤港澳大湾区陆源氮污染来源结构与空间分布

入海河流携带的陆源总氮污染是海域无机氮的主要来源,粤港澳大湾区（GBA）近岸海域无机氮污染严重,劣四类水质分布广泛,厘清粤港澳大湾区陆域总氮排放规模、来源结构和排海压力,对海域氮污染治理有重要意义.基于土地利用、社会经济统计和污染普查资料等多源数据,从行政区单元和流域单元估算粤港澳大湾区及周边城市的总氮排放规模、来源结构及其区域差异.结果表明：①研究区陆域总氮排放量约33.25万t,居民生活是主要污染源,占55.4%,其次为种植业,占28.18%,养殖业和工业生产的污染贡献相对有限.②总氮排放的区域差异明显,粤港澳大湾区11个城市的总氮排放量（23.14万t）显著高于其周边8个城市（10.11万t）.③海域污染分布状况与陆源氮污染排放压力强度具有空间一致性,东江流域、西北江三角洲流域和潭江流域污染排放量最大,其岸段承载的排放压力也最大,对应的伶仃洋、珠海金湾海域和黄茅海污染严重.     

粤港澳大湾区土壤污染问题计量及可视化分析

土壤污染问题已经成为粤港澳大湾区迈向国际一流湾区的桎梏,对标纽约、旧金山和东京三大世界一流湾区可以为应对大湾区土壤环境压力提供方向指引.以Web of Science核心数据库中相关文献为研究对象,运用文献共被引分析、关键词共现分析和关键词突现检测的文献计量定量分析方法,对世界三大湾区土壤污染领域的研究现状进行了分析.结果表明,目前世界湾区土壤污染的研究主题主要集中在土壤污染物来源、空间分布、修复处理研究,以及土壤污染的生物可利用度、对海洋生物的不利影响、海洋生物指标在土壤污染评估的作用;土壤污染物研究的热点集中在重金属污染和有机污染上,海洋生物关联研究则对土壤污染的毒性、引发的生物性畸变和生物标志物讨论较多.通过对比国内外湾区土壤污染研究状况,发现我国湾区土壤污染研究相比世界三大湾区起步较晚,且现有国内文献成果的研究区域和主题分布不均衡,特别是在湾区土壤污染的海洋生物关联研究方面热度较低.因此,开展粤港澳大湾区海陆一体化研究、扩展考察领域至土壤污染的相关海洋生物研究,对完善我国粤港澳大湾区土壤污染研究、应对大湾区土壤环境问题至关重要.     

中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度时空变化特征分析

为揭示中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化特征,并以其为自然背景值指导人为活动导致的臭氧污染控制工作,该研究通过汇总统计中国15个典型自然背景地区与337个地级及以上城市2016—2020年环境空气臭氧自动监测数据,比较分析中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度的年度、季节、日内变化规律与空间分布规律. 结果表明:2016—2020年,中国自然背景地区臭氧年均浓度明显高于城市区域,但臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度的第90百分位数(简称“臭氧年90百分位浓度”)明显低于城市,自然背景地区和城市区域臭氧年均浓度同步快速提升,年均增长分别为1.5和2.0 μg/m3. 中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度季节性变化规律与城市区域存在较大差异,自然背景地区臭氧平均浓度最高值出现在春季,夏、秋、冬三季臭氧平均浓度差异不明显,与东亚环太平洋背景地区臭氧浓度季节性变化规律(春季最高、夏季最低)存在明显差异. 部分自然背景地区受人为活动排放的影响较小,臭氧浓度不存在明显的日内峰谷差,全天臭氧浓度基本保持相同水平;部分自然背景地区可能受邻近城市人为活动排放的臭氧前体物影响,臭氧浓度日内变化规律与邻近城市较为一致,存在明显的日内峰谷差. 研究显示,中国自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化规律与城市区域存在显著差异,臭氧浓度年均值升高迅速,部分自然背景地区臭氧浓度变化规律可能受邻近城市人为活动排放的臭氧前体物传输的影响.      

泉州市区臭氧污染成因初步分析

臭氧已成为影响泉州市区环境空气质量最重要的指标。监测结果表明主要国控评价点位臭氧浓度基本一致,春秋季节是泉州市区臭氧污染较为严重的季节。为探明泉州市区臭氧污染成因,基于涂山街点位的臭氧、氮氧化物、气象因子和VOCs(挥发性有机物)的监测结果,对泉州市区春秋季节臭氧浓度与前体物、气象因子的关系进行了分析,同时利用后向轨迹对涂山街点位的污染气团进行追踪。结果表明,无论春季或秋季,臭氧浓度与相对湿度、紫外辐射相关性较高,与风速有一定的相关性,与温度、大气压基本无相关;春季主导风向为东南、东北偏东、东时,秋季主导风向为西北、西北偏北、北时臭氧易超标;春季臭氧防治应重视本地区污染源的管控,同时还应特别注意东北方向污染气团的传输;秋季臭氧防治应特别注意东北方向污染气团的传输;分析发现泉州市区秋季臭氧污染为VOCs敏感区。     

粤港澳大湾区污染场地土壤风险管控制度体系建设与思考

防范污染场地环境风险和保障人居环境安全是粤港澳大湾区建设世界级城市群面临的重要挑战和工作内容之一.由于粤港澳在政治制度和土地管理等方面的差异,以及珠三角9市内部城市化水平、产业结构以及环境管理能力的差别,大湾区各地污染场地风险管控模式有明显的差异,分析粤港澳大湾区典型城市污染场地风险管控特点,对加强污染场地风险管控技术交流与合作,优化大湾区污染场地风险管控制度具有重要意义.本文在简述我国污染场地风险管控制度体系的基础上,重点介绍了广州、深圳、东莞、香港和澳门的污染场地风险管控制度体系、监管对象、污染评估与整治程序等的特点,对其风险管控制度体系进行了分析与对比,并针对土地规划、政策反馈、信息公开及联盟机制探索等提出了思考与建议.总体来看,香港及珠三角部分地市构建了行之有效的污染场地风险管控制度体系,且体现了一定的地方特点,但随着污染场地的进一步开发再利用,打造粤港澳大湾区世界级城市群的建设目标将对污染场地风险管控策略的安全性、精细化和时效性等提出更高的要求,互相借鉴和充分学习,加强大湾区2区9市污染场地风险管控上的技术交流与合作,是实现大湾区污染场地安全再利用与高效开发的有效路径.     

粤港澳大湾区丘陵地带某电镀场地重金属污染特征与迁移规律分析

粤港澳大湾区电镀企业的数量、生产规模均居全国前列,电镀生产排放的污染物造成该区电镀场地普遍存在土壤和地下水重金属污染现象,调查并分析区域电镀场地土壤和地下水重金属污染特征及迁移规律是粤港澳大湾区该类场地安全再利用的必要工作.在详细调查粤港澳大湾区丘陵地带某电镀场地土壤和地下水重金属污染现状的基础上,定量分析了不同深度土壤、地下水中的重金属空间分布特征,并结合场地水文地质条件探讨了粤港澳大湾区丘陵地带电镀场地土壤和地下水中的重金属迁移规律.结果表明,该电镀场地土壤和地下水已受到不同程度的重金属污染,土壤中Ni、Cr~(6+)和Cu超标率依次为20. 5%、12. 8%和2. 7%;地下水中Ni、Pb和Cr~(6+)超标率依次为41. 7%、33. 3%和33. 3%;场区内重金属污染与电镀厂生产功能分区相对应,说明重金属主要来源于电镀废物泄漏.由于该场区填土层以下为渗透性较差的粉质黏土,不利于重金属污染物向深部迁移,因而重金属污染物主要集中在表层土壤;但是在全风化花岗岩埋深较浅的电镀车间范围内,土层渗透性增大,重金属迁移深度显著增加,其中Cr~(6+)由于酸性土壤的吸附作用较弱,甚至出现了10 m深度的高浓度检出现象.虽然场区浅层含水层渗透性较弱,但是酸性土壤和地下水氧化环境有利于Cr~(6+)和Ni的迁移,因而在地下水位埋深较浅和土壤重金属迁移深度较大的电镀车间出现了Cr~(6+)和Ni超标现象;而粤港澳大湾区花岗岩中Pb含量背景值较高可能是造成场区地下水Pb超标的主要原因.因此,粤港澳大湾区丘陵地带电镀场地的Ni、Cr~(6+)和Cu主要集中在浅层土壤和地下水中,区域广泛分布的低渗透黏土层在一定程度上阻隔了重金属的扩散迁移;但是在土壤酸化和花岗岩埋深较浅的地区,以及地下水以氧化环境为主的丘陵地带,Ni和Cr~(6+)在土壤和地下水中的迁移深度将显著增加.     

绿色金融促进粤港澳大湾区经济高质量发展的机制分析

利用绿色金融实现粤港澳大湾区城市间跨区域协同治理环境必要且可行。本文分析了粤港澳大湾区实体经济发展绿色金融的必要性以明确绿色金融发挥的重要作用,从绿色金融促进资本、人力和技术资源的充分配置方面来探索绿色金融促进大湾区经济发展的机制,并就政策保障机制、产业运营模式、绿色金融市场体系、绿色产业的行业标准、联防联治协调机制等方面提出绿色金融促进粤港澳大湾区实体经济发展的建议。     

广东省夏秋季臭氧污染与台风的关系分析

分析了广东省2015—2021年的臭氧浓度特征,选取2018—2020年台风相对活跃的夏秋季（7—10月）作为研究时段,研究了广东省臭氧污染与台风之间的关系.结果表明,2015—2021年,广东省臭氧浓度经历了先升后降的变化过程,2019年,广东省臭氧第90百分位数浓度达到了有监测数据以来的最高值,但仍未超过国家二级标准限值.广东省在春季与秋季臭氧超标天数较多,且近年来冬春季臭氧超标情况在加剧,秋季臭氧超标情况有所好转.7—10月,广东省约81%的臭氧污染与周边台风活动有关,在受台风影响的污染天中,有约80%发生在台风距离广东2500 km范围内.深圳与汕尾臭氧污染与台风活动关系最密切,夏秋季,超过9成的污染天与台风活动相关;汕头、珠海、中山、茂名、阳江、江门等沿海城市夏秋季臭氧污染天中超过8成与台风活动相关.内陆城市臭氧污染与台风的关联性相对较小,梅州臭氧污染与台风活动关联最小.与在东南亚、我国海南或广东登陆的台风相比,北上的台风更容易导致广东地区出现臭氧污染.在台风外围下沉气流的影响下,珠三角中部等主要大气污染物排放区域及周边容易出现大范围晴热高温天气;水平风速低,水平扩散条件不利...     

基于主成分分析的上海春季近地面臭氧污染区域性特征研究

为研究上海春季近地面臭氧污染的区域性特征,对长三角地区55个城市国控站点及上海市54个城市监测站点2016年5月的臭氧监测网络数据进行主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA),并将分析结果与气象条件进行综合分析,结果表明,主成分分析在不同的空间尺度下可以解析出行为模式不同的臭氧生成及传输来源主成分,且在较大的空间尺度下可以解析出区域背景臭氧浓度.长三角地区春季区域臭氧特征复杂,存在9个主成分,第一主成分所能解释的背景臭氧浓度在68.8～154.7μg·m~(-3)之间,而上海市主成分解析结果较为集中,仅能解析出两个主成分,且第一主成分即可解释90.5%的臭氧.对比同时段长三角及上海市主成分分析解析结果,上海市春季臭氧污染主要受到来自海洋的东南风影响,高浓度臭氧污染的本地生成贡献显著.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.