酸性火山玻璃的脱玻化作用

本文阐述了酸性火山玻璃发生脱玻现象后的X射线衍射特征、镜下(偏光及扫描电镜)特征和形貌特征,重点讨论了对酸性火山玻璃脱玻化途径有重要影响的网络结构因素和化学成分因素,最终提出酸性火山玻璃的五种脱玻化途径及相应产物:SiO_2±H_2O纯架状、架状网络→“石英”质;SiO_2+Al_2O_3+H_2O±其它成分架状、层状网络→“伊毛缟石”质;SiO_2+Al_2O_3+K_2O(Na_2O,CaO)架状、层状网络→长石质;酸性火山玻璃(含不同的挥发份)架状、层状、链状网络→粘土质及其它可能的产物;SO_2+Al_2O_3+K_2O(Na_2O)+CaO、FeO、MgO(群聚?)等土挥发份层状、链状网络→绿泥石、辉石、闪石。     

赣东北中生代火山岩微量元素与稀土元素丰度及其演化

本文论述了赣东北中生代火山岩中微量元素与稀土元素在不同岩性岩相及时空上的分布规律:潜火山岩中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量高于火山岩,尤以中酸性岩中较高,Ⅰ,Ⅱ旋回高于其他旋回。稀土元素由Ⅰ向Ⅱ旋回,由扬子地体向华夏地体,由爆发相向溢流相、潜火山岩相,由偏基性向中酸性岩演化;稀土配分模式是“L”型,火山岩物质来源于下地壳的部分熔融。     

模拟锕系高放废液铁磷酸盐玻璃陶瓷固化

采用铁硼磷酸盐玻璃对TRPO流程分离后产生的富锕系核素模拟废物进行了固化研究,并用X射线衍射(XRD)和试样坚固法(PCT)测试了所制备试样的结构与化学稳定性。结果表明:在930℃的烧结温度下、保温2 h,可获得结构致密、结晶程度较好的玻璃陶瓷固化体,试样中的主晶相为独居石;固化体中模拟高放废物含量对其结构和化学稳定性均有影响,此工艺条件下模拟废物的包容量最高可达25%,对应的固化体中Fe、P和Ce元素的浸出率分别为28.10×10-4、56.61×10-4和0.95×10-4g/(m2·d),试样的化学稳定性较好。     

玻璃态碳及其在环境保护中的应用

玻璃碳是由聚合物(呋喃树脂或酚醛树脂)为原料,经固化、碳化、真空热处理而制得。玻璃态碳既含有少量微晶状的碳,又含有大量的玻璃状碳,因它的键有石墨型的(SP~2tP)键,还有金刚石型的(SP~3)键,并随热处理温度升高,其微晶区也增加。即使热处理温度再高,产品中大部分还是玻璃相,而微晶相还是少量     

辽宁省二道沟金矿床地质地球化学研究(摘要)

本研究以辽宁二道沟金矿床为例，对其地质地球化学特征进行了系统全面的研究，总结了火山岩型金矿床的成矿规律，并分析了该地区的成矿前景。二道沟金矿床是一比较典型的陆相火山岩型金矿床，产于由钙碱性流纹岩、粗面英安岩、火山碎屑岩和闪长呼岩等岩石构成的陆相火山岩系中；金厂为梁金矿床产于与火山岩相毗邻的变质岩中，小长皋沟金矿床产平与火山岩相毗邻的似斑状花岗岩内，它们与二道沟金矿床在地质地球化学特征方面有明显的相似性，同属于火山岩型金矿，同受围绕对面沟花岗闪长岩岩体分布的放射状断裂所控制，是同一地质事件的产物。…     

溧水地区火山岩中单斜辉石的研究

溧水火山岩地区位于长江下游南岸,东邻茅山山脉,西接宁芜火山岩盆地,是长江中下游一系列中生代陆相火山岩分布区之一。该区火山岩系,按喷发次序、岩石组合、喷发间断等,自下而上,可以划分为四个火山喷发旋回,即龙王山旋回,主要由中—基性熔岩、次火山岩和相应的火山碎屑岩组成,东芦山旋回,主要由中碱性和基性熔岩、次火山岩及相应的火山碎屑岩组成,观山旋回,主要由中碱性—碱性熔岩、次火山岩及火山碎屑岩组成;甲山旋回,全部由酸性熔岩、次火山岩及火山碎屑岩组成。有关各旋回的主要岩石类型和主要火山岩的岩石化学成份见表1、2。     

垃圾焚烧炉渣的性质及其利用前景

通过对上海浦东新区垃圾焚烧发电厂炉渣的性质分析,研究了其物理组成和化学组成、浸出毒性、溶解盐含量及其形貌特征和矿物组成.结果发现,炉渣由熔渣、陶瓷/砖块碎片、石头、玻璃、铁和有色金属及极少量可燃物组成;以砾状颗粒为主(>2mm颗粒占60%以上);溶解盐含量≤1%;浸出毒性小;主晶相为SiO₂、CaAl₂Si₂O₈、Al₂SiO₅、CaCO₃、CaO和ZnMn₂O₄.炉渣适合于资源化利用.     

废CRT玻璃循环利用现状与研究进展

随着技术的发展,CRT逐步被LED等取代。废弃CRT锥管玻璃含有氧化铅,含铅玻璃是一种对环境有害的物质,如何处理这些玻璃,是目前被广泛关注的课题之一。从循环利用的角度出发,分析了锥管玻璃的氧化物含量,将废弃CRT玻璃中的氧化物含量与照明及建材玻璃的组成比较,研究了废阴极射线管及屏锥在玻璃工业中的循环利用。     

密闭式COD消解器

1 前言测定废水中的化学需氧量,一般均采用重铬酸钾法(COD_(cr))。当用全玻璃回流装置进行消解测定时,若样品中所含的Cl~-大于2000 mg/l,则虽按比例加入硫酸汞,但仍将不能完全掩蔽Cl~-。其中,部分Cl~-被重铬酸钾氧化成Cl_2,从回流管上端溢出,使COD_(cr)测定值偏离实际值。为了消除高浓度Cl~-的干扰,我们研制了密闭式COD消解器,使2Cl~-=Cl_2在密闭消解管内达到平衡,从而抑制了Cl~-的不断氧化。平衡后的Cl_2含量很低,可忽略不计。因此,测定值即COD_(cr)的实际值,结果准确,不需校正;且一次测定,可做12个样品。 2 构造及原理 2.1 构造密闭式COD消解器由消解炉及密闭消解管组成(图1)。消解炉主要由加热元件、温控仪表及定时器组成。密闭消解管由硬质玻璃、聚四氟乙烯垫及不锈钢紧固帽等部件组成(图2)。     

中国东南部白垩纪火山岩系的划分与对比

(一) 火山岩系与正常沉积岩系的形成过程有很大的差异。即使以火山岩系而论,陆相火山岩的堆积又不同于海相火山岩。由此可见,在地层工作中应特别注意它们各自的特殊性。陆相火山岩系主要由火山喷发的熔岩流、各种超浅成次火山岩体、火山碎屑岩、火山喷发间隙期的洪积、坡积碎屑岩、火山宁静期的河湖相沉积组成。由于火山活动的形式具有多样性,火山岩系的堆积方式随火山活动形式的不同亦有变化。火山活动受上地幔与下地壳内岩浆生成、发展和演化的制约。它在堆积物中表现为岩石化学成份的变化和岩石组合特征的差异等。以此为主要标志,可将火山岩系划分为一些旋回。旋回之间具有对比性。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.