Factors influencing mercury accumulation in three species of forage fish from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA

Most studies that have examined mercury (Hg) contamination of fish have focused on game species feeding near the top of the food web, while studies that examine forage fish that feed near the base of the food web are rare. We conducted a survey of Hg contamination in three species of forage fish, brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus), threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), from Caddo Lake, Texas, USA and found species-specific differences in Hg concentrations. We examined total length, age, trophic position (determined using δ15N), and growth rate of forage fish as factors that could have influenced within-and between-species differences in Hg concentration. Total length and age were the best predictors of within-species differences in Hg concentration. Between-species differences in Hg concentrations were most strongly influenced by trophic position.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).     

Biological control of gizzard shad impingement at a nuclear power plant

Biological control of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) using predator fish species was managed to reduce impingement on cooling water intake screens at Coffey County Lake (CCL), Kansas. Long term shad and predator proportional stock densities (PSD) and body conditions (Wr) were used to characterize this fishery. Comparisons were completed between the lake’s primary productivity (mg/m³ chlorophyll-a), catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of young-of-year (YOY) and adult gizzard shad, and body conditions of predator species. No relationships were found between the lake’s productivity and gizzard shad densities indicating that other mechanisms control shad numbers, likely predation. Body conditions of the prevalent predator species in CCL were positively compared with the previous year’s production during a short-lived increase in shad densities. It is well documented that shad are an important food source for most predator species present in the lake. It is believed that the predator species present played a significant role in reducing YOY shad densities each year. Body conditions of predators did not indicate a surplus of a primary prey species. High shad growth rates and PSD indices promote survival of sufficient shad to adults, thus making this fishery nearly self-sustaining, and beneficial for plant operation.     

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fish of Dongting Lake, China: Effects of feeding habits, habitat preferences and body size

We measured the concentrations of Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg, and the stable isotope ratios( δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in 87 fish samples within 12 economic fish species collected from the Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China. With few exceptions in concentration of Cr, most of fish species showed lower concentrations of the 8 metals than legislation thresholds. Piscivorous fishes had significantly higher values of δ¹⁵N（possessing higher trophic...     

应用稳定同位素技术对海州湾拖网渔获物营养级的研究

应用碳、氮稳定稳定同位素技术，对2014年夏季海州湾海洋牧场海域拖网渔获物营养级进行了初步分析，建立了海州湾海洋牧场区域主要拖网渔获物的营养结构。结果表明:海州湾拖网渔获物中鱼类氮稳定同位素比值主要集中在9.6‰～13.9‰，碳稳定同位素比值分布范围为-16.2‰～-23.3‰；计算得到的鱼类的营养级最大值和最小值分别为3.9和1.9；其中，中国花鲈和孔虎鱼所处营养级最高，为食物网中的顶级捕食者，螠蛏和中国毛虾营养级相对较低，位于食物网下层；中国花鲈个体大小与其氮稳定同位素比值存在显著正相关关系（R2=0.90，P < 0.01）；碳稳定同位素比值分布结果显示海州湾海洋牧场海域各生物类群存在明显的生态位重叠现象。     

蓄水对水库下游食物网中汞生物累积影响研究进展

1991年,加拿大学者Verdon首次报道了加拿大拉格朗德二级水库下游鱼体中汞含量显著高于水库库区的现象,发现水库下游是新建水库汞输出的重要场所,因此水库下游鱼类汞升高的风险继水库本身后成为新的关注热点.通过对相关野外研究的回顾,表明蓄水对水库下游食物网的鱼类、浮游生物以及水体中汞的富集产生影响,水生食物网中各组分甲基汞含量和比例随着营养级的升高而增加.蓄水加速了水库的甲基化过程,使水库自身成为巨大的汞源,不仅影响水库自身食物网中汞的分布,而且更加剧烈地影响水库下游食物网中汞的分布.水库既向下游直接输送溶解态和悬浮颗粒态的甲基汞,又向下游输送丰富的、可被杂食性鱼类和动物直接利用和吸食的甲基汞食物源.在下游食物网中,甲基汞有可能通过微型浮游生物网（悬浮颗粒物-浮游植物-浮游动物经典食物链）,或者通过杂食性鱼类主动摄食来自水库直接输送的浮游动物,或者通过杂食性鱼类被动吸食来自水库直接输送的悬浮颗粒物富集途径,向位于更高营养级位置的鱼类进行传递.在我国,水库蓄水对下游汞输送机制以及对下游微型、底层食物网中生物累积和迁移转化的影响需要更加深入的定量研究.      

南极菲尔德斯半岛近岸海洋生物体有机锡污染状况

在南极地区已发现丁基锡污染,但有关苯基锡污染及有机锡在食物链中的传递等相关研究尚未见报道.为此,自2014年12月—2015年1月从南极菲尔德斯半岛周边采集了20种海洋生物共32个混合样品(即由多个同种生物个体混合而成),经甲醇/醋酸提取、四乙基硼化钠衍生和弗洛里硅土柱净化等过程处理后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)、三丁基锡(TBT)、二苯基锡(DPhT)和三苯基锡(TPhT)进行测定,并讨论了不同有机锡化合物在食物链中的传递特征.结果表明:海藻、无脊椎动物、鱼类、海豹、鸟类中有机锡含量分别为n.d.~19.5、8.6~11.0、10.8、4.2~12.9、21.6~27.0 ng·g~(-1)(以Sn计,若未注明均以干重计),生物样品中TBT、DBT、TPhT、DPhT均有检出,而MBT均未检出;大型海藻对TBT、DBT有一定富集能力,且TBT一定程度上表现出随营养级生物放大效应;TBT和TPhT在食物链顶端含量最高,同时发现高营养级的生物具有排出部分有机锡的能力.     

三峡库区蓄水175m对汉丰湖不同生物类群δ13C、δ15N值的影响

于2010年蓄水前(7月)和蓄水后(12月)应用稳定碳、氮同位素方法对汉丰湖食物网中初级生产者和消费者δ13C、δ15N值变化规律进行了调查分析.结果显示:汉丰湖初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)、固着藻类和水生植物δ13C、δ15N值分别为-28.45‰~-24.78‰、3.72‰~5.76‰,-25.81‰~-21.22‰、3.23‰~4.81‰,-27.99‰~-23.74‰、8.06‰~12.48‰.从蓄水前到蓄水后初级生产者(POM、固着藻类、水生植物)δ13C、δ15N(除水生植物)值均呈现贫乏趋势;消费者δ15N值变化规律与初级生产者一致,但其δ13C值无明显变化;汉丰湖鱼类食物网营养级长度均为3级,消费者中杂食性鱼类居多其碳源主要来源于固着藻类.新形成的汉丰湖水生生态系统已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构.     

废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鱼类卤系阻燃剂残留

为了解废弃拆解地环境中电子垃圾相关污染物的含量水平及其生态风险,本文测试了华南某废弃电子垃圾拆解地野生鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、多溴联苯（PBBs）、得克隆（DP）和替代型溴系阻燃剂（ABFRs）等卤系阻燃剂（HFRs）的含量和组成,评估了这些污染物对于野生鱼类及食鱼野生动物的生态风险.电子垃圾拆解地鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内∑HFRs的含量范围分别为1230~1680和141~650ng/g,高于对照区1~2个数量级,表明虽然粗犷的电子垃圾回收活动已禁止多年,当地野生鱼类仍然受到HFRs严重污染.PBDEs是鱼体内最主要的HFRs,鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内其分别占∑HFRs的96%和89%.鲮鱼和鲫鱼体内HFRs含量和组成均存在显著差异,可能与其生活习性、营养级和脂肪含量不同有关.风险评估结果显示,PBDEs对野生鱼类及食鱼野生动物均具有较大的生态风险.     

广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险评价

为评估广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险,分析了广西刁江水系8种野生鱼类肌肉中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)和汞(Hg)5种重金属的含量水平.利用污染指数法和目标危害系数法对其污染程度、食用安全性及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,所有鱼类肌肉样品中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的含量范围分别为0.041~1.160、0.000 1~0.066、0.173~0.789、0.010~2.420和0.000 7~0.077 mg·kg~(-1).Pb和As的含量水平超出《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)的限值,超标率分别为5.06%和64.56%;而Cd、Cr和Hg的含量水平未出现超标现象.污染指数结果表明:越南鱊和须鱊受到重金属严重污染;罗非鱼处于中污染水平;餐鲦、南方拟餐、鲫鱼、大眼鳜和草鱼处于轻污染水平.刁江水系8种野生鱼类对Pb、Cr和Hg的富集程度较大;肉食性和杂食性鱼类重金属含量水平高于草食性鱼类.越南鱊和须鱊复合重金属目标危害系数均大于1,这表明当地居民长期摄食越南鱊和须鱊暴露重金属存在潜在健康风险.在所有野生鱼类(南方拟餐和餐鲦除外)的复合重金属目标危害系数中,As的贡献比例最高,平均贡献率达到76.63%,说明As是主要风险元素.     

南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能分析

为分析和掌握南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能的特征参数,根据2015~2019年中线干渠鱼类资源调查数据及实测的鱼类生物学参数数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6软件构建了Ecopath食物网模型.模型由18个功能组组成,包括了初级生产者、初级消费者、主要鱼类和有机碎屑等.结果显示：中线干渠生态系统规模总流量、总生产量和总消耗量分别为19186.330,8947.857和1106.002（t/（km²·a））,食物网主要由4个整合营养级（1.00~3.71）构成,最高营养级为大型肉食性鱼类鱤（3.71）.食物网能量传递主要有两条途径,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,两者传递的能量相当,但牧食食物链传递效率是碎屑食物链的近两倍.交互营养分析结果表明,捕食者对其饵料生物的影响一般为抑制作用,碎屑生物量的增加对大部分功能组的影响为正效应,小型上层鱼类对浮游动物生物量起抑制作用.从各功能组之间的生态位重叠来看,各功能组间捕食者生态位重叠现象不普遍,重叠指数适中,部分肉食性鱼类的捕食者生态位重叠指数达到1.对生态系统总体特征分析发现,中线干渠生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值（P/R）、总初级生产量与总生物量的比值（P/B）、Finn's循环指数（FCI）和Finn's平均路径长度（FML）都表明该生态系统处于发展的幼态期,抵抗外界干扰的能力差.此外,中线干渠生态系统对初级生产力的利用率很低,导致过多的营养物质未进入更高营养级的食物链中进行循环,造成系统能量流动的滞缓.因此,根据生物操纵理论,可通过优化和完善鱼类群落结构,增强对系统初级生产力的利用效率,促进物质循环和能量流动,维持生态系统稳定.     

南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能分析

为分析和掌握南水北调中线干渠生态系统结构与功能的特征参数,根据2015~2019年中线干渠鱼类资源调查数据及实测的鱼类生物学参数数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.6软件构建了Ecopath食物网模型.模型由18个功能组组成,包括了初级生产者、初级消费者、主要鱼类和有机碎屑等.结果显示：中线干渠生态系统规模总流量、总生产量和总消耗量分别为19186.330,8947.857和1106.002（t/（km²·a））,食物网主要由4个整合营养级（1.00~3.71）构成,最高营养级为大型肉食性鱼类鱤（3.71）.食物网能量传递主要有两条途径,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,两者传递的能量相当,但牧食食物链传递效率是碎屑食物链的近两倍.交互营养分析结果表明,捕食者对其饵料生物的影响一般为抑制作用,碎屑生物量的增加对大部分功能组的影响为正效应,小型上层鱼类对浮游动物生物量起抑制作用.从各功能组之间的生态位重叠来看,各功能组间捕食者生态位重叠现象不普遍,重叠指数适中,部分肉食性鱼类的捕食者生态位重叠指数达到1.对生态系统总体特征分析发现,中线干渠生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值（P/R）、总初级生产量与总生物量的比值（P/B）、Finn's循环指数（FCI）和Finn's平均路径长度（FML）都表明该生态系统处于发展的幼态期,抵抗外界干扰的能力差.此外,中线干渠生态系统对初级生产力的利用率很低,导致过多的营养物质未进入更高营养级的食物链中进行循环,造成系统能量流动的滞缓.因此,根据生物操纵理论,可通过优化和完善鱼类群落结构,增强对系统初级生产力的利用效率,促进物质循环和能量流动,维持生态系统稳定.     

Fish survival on fine mesh traveling screens

The survival of fish impinged on 1-mm mesh Ristroph-type traveling screens was evaluated at Somerset Station, a 625-MW coal-fired electric generating station located on the south shore of Lake Ontario. Somerset Station was designed and built with an offshore intake, discharge and fish return system. Survival testing was conducted over a 4-year period that included all four seasons. Test fish were diverted from the fish return and held for 96 h for observation. Following observation, a specially constructed screening table was used to differentiate test fish that typically would have been impinged on a standard 9.5-mm mesh screen from smaller individuals that typically would be entrained. Twenty-eight species were tested, and collections were dominated by five species: alewife, emerald shiner, gizzard shad, rainbow smelt, and spottail shiner. Survival rates commonly approached or exceeded 80%, and were influenced by species, fish size or life stage, season and fish condition. Results are interpreted in terms of survival rates demonstrated elsewhere for entrained fish and fish impinged on alternative traveling screen technologies.     

Distribution of mercury in di erent environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runo , and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined e ect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

程海沉积物重金属时空变化及人为污染与潜在生态风险

沉积物重金属污染是影响湖泊等水体环境质量与健康的主要因素之一.通过对程海9个沉积短岩芯中10种金属元素含量的分析,在~(210)Pb与~(137)Cs定年的基础上,研究了沉积物中重金属含量与污染的时空变化特征;采用潜在生态风险指数法与沉积物质量基准法、并参考重金属污染水平,评估了表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,各岩芯不同年代沉积物中,除了Cd含量变化较大之外(变异系数为0.59),其余各金属元素含量变化均较小(变异系数小于0.20);空间上,各岩芯之间每一种金属的平均含量差异较小,最大值与最小值的比值为1.2~1.8,显示了不同湖区重金属较为相似的富集规律.沉积物中主要污染元素为Cd、Pb和Hg,其中Cd和Pb污染始于20世纪80年代中期;近十年来Cd污染程度稍有下降,但仍呈中等污染水平,而Pb污染程度持续增加,属于弱污染水平;Hg污染始于20世纪90年代末期,呈弱污染水平;而As、Cu和Zn仅在部分近表层沉积物呈现较弱污染.空间上,沉积物中重金属污染水平并未表现出明显的趋势.除了大气沉降(主要为有色金属冶炼释放)输入之外,程海沉积物重金属污染还可能受到农业面源与生活污水排放的影响.表层沉积物中As、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn具有较低的潜在生态风险,Hg和Cd具有中-高潜在生态风险.     

洞庭湖不同营养级鱼组织中PCBs的分布特征

采用稳定同位素分析技术和气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用技术,测定了洞庭湖6种鱼组织的稳定氮同位素丰度值（δ¹⁵N值）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量,研究了鱼组织中PCBs分布特征及其与营养级的相关性.结果表明,∑PCBs₁₁₅的浓度范围为0.04~9.77ng/g湿重,在鲤鱼性腺组织中最高.毒性当量为：0.0003~2.39pg/g湿重,在鳡鱼脂肪组织中最高.洞庭湖鱼中PCBs的含量处于较低水平.PCB28,52,95,99,101,105,110,118,138,153,155和209在所有组织中检出.Co-PCBs,Ind-PCBs和PCB209具有组织分布特异性.不同计量方式下,鱼组织中PCBs与δ¹⁵N值具有相关性的同类物不同.     

Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

As a global pollutant, high levels of mercury (Hg) have been found in remote ecosystem due to the long range atmospheric transport. In this study, a total of 60 fish samples were collected from four rivers across the Tibetan Plateau to study the accumulation of Hg in remote and high-altitude aquatic environment. The total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in fish muscles ranged from 11 to 2097 ng/g dry weight (dw) (average: 819 ng/g dw) and from 14 to 1960 ng/g dw (average: 756 ng/g dw), respectively. Significantly positive linear relationships were observed between the THg (r = 0.591, p < 0.01, n = 36) and MeHg concentrations (r = 0.473, p < 0.01, n = 36) with the trophic level of fish from Lhasa River, suggesting trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg in this aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the THg levels in fish had significantly positive correlations with the length (r = 0.316, p < 0.05, n = 60) and weight (r = 0.271, p < 0.05, n = 60) of fish. The high levels of Hg were attributed to the slow growth and long lifespan of the fish under this sterile and cold environment. Risk assessment revealed that the consumption of Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi and Schizothorax o'connori would lead to a high exposure to MeHg.     

基于土壤重金属特征的绿色食品产地环境评价——以重庆(江津)现代农业园区为例

以重庆市江津区现代农业园区内4种农用地类型的653个表层土样为研究对象,测定土壤重金属元素含量.依据绿色食品产地环境相关标准,采用重金属污染指数法对标准中所涉及的Cu、Cr、Cd、Hg、As和Pb共6种重金属元素开展土壤环境质量评价和潜在生态风险评价,并结合用地类型确定绿色农产品生产的适宜性土壤分区.结果表明：除元素Cu、Cr和As外,其他元素的平均含量均高于重庆市土壤背景值;除元素As和Hg外,其他元素的平均含量均高于我国土壤背景值.土壤重金属元素Cu、Cr、Cd、Hg、As和Pb的平均浓度均达到《绿色食品产地环境质量》标准要求,但Cd污染已处于安全警戒线内,应高度警惕和严格监管园区内该元素的污染.水田、旱地和果园的土壤环境均以尚清洁为主,其他园地的土壤环境以轻度污染水平为主.部分水田存在一定程度的Pb污染（轻度）、Hg污染（中度）和Cd污染（中度）,旱地存在一定程度的Hg污染（中度）和Cd污染（中度）,果园和其他园地的土壤存在一定程度的Cd的轻、中度污染.全区符合《绿色食品产地环境质量》标准要求的土壤面积为12.47km²,占农用地总面积的63.64%,旱地、果园、水田和其他园地中符合该标准的面积分别占各自总面积的84.83%、68.07%、56.51%和42.09%.4种用地类型的土壤环境生态风险水平均以低等为主,共占研究区总面积的74.70%.Cd和Hg在园区表层土壤重金属生态风险评估中占有较大的贡献率,应列为优先控制污染元素并对其生态效应开展进一步研究.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage e uents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for e uents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the e ects of discharging MSTP e uent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 g/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 g/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p < 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.