玉溪大河5种沉水植物的叶绿素荧光特征比较研究

利用基础型调制叶绿素荧光仪(Junior-PAM)研究了玉溪大河富营养化水体中5种优势沉水植物:苦草(Vallisneria natans)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus L.)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)的量子产量及快速光曲线的变化。结果表明:5种沉水植物苦草、篦齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、菹草和金鱼藻最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)明显下降,变化范围为0.519~0.698,低于0.84;各物种的开放PSⅡ反应中心原初光能捕获效率(F_v'/F_m')的大小依次为篦齿眼子菜轮叶黑藻菹草苦草金鱼藻,除篦齿眼子菜、轮叶黑藻、菹草与金鱼藻差异显著外,其它物种间差异不显著;各物种无光抑制的最大潜在相对电子传递速率(rETR_m)间差异显著,其大小依次为菹草金鱼藻轮叶黑藻篦齿眼子菜苦草;快速光曲线的初始斜率(α)的变化范围为0.216~0.483,除篦齿眼子菜与菹草间差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著;半饱和光强(E_k)的大小依次为菹草金鱼藻轮叶黑藻苦草篦齿眼子菜,且除苦草与轮叶黑藻差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著。研究表明:玉溪大河5种优势沉水植物在营养盐胁迫下光合作用受到明显抑制,其中,菹草和金鱼藻较耐强光,光合速率较高,而苦草则有较强的耐弱光能力。     

太湖两种水生植物群落对沉积物中氮素的影响

2012年6月对太湖贡湖湾、南部湖区以及东西山之间水域的两种水生植物——马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和荇菜(Limnanthemun nymphoides)群落内外的沉积物进行样品采集,调查了沉积物中的氮素分布现状.结果表明:①草藻过渡型湖区(贡湖湾)马来眼子菜群落内部0~25 cm的沉积物中Org-N和TN的含量分别比群落外部高38.06%和25.65%.②草型湖区新生植物群落的形成可以促进沉积物(0~25 cm)中各形态氮含量的降低,其中马来眼子菜群落内沉积物(0~25 cm)中TN、Org-N、NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量较群落外平均降低了43.29%,50.78%,7.09%和10.86%;荇菜群落内部比外部分别降低了4.65%,4.63%,5.01%和2.76%,可以发现马来眼子菜群落的促进作用比荇菜群落明显.③植物群落的存在可以影响沉积物的理化性质.相关性分析显示,植物群落外沉积物的pH与TN显著正相关(P<0.05,n=24),植物群落内部沉积物中pH与沉积物中NH+4-N呈显著负相关(P<0.05,n=24),与硝态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05,n=24);植物群落内部和外部沉积物的Eh均与TN显著正相关(GMN,P<0.01,R=0.922 8**;NMN,P<0.01,R=0.827 7**;GMW,P<0.05,R=0.748 9*;NMW,P<0.05,R=0.663 7*),但较群落外部而言内部的相关性更强.     

马来眼子菜群丛对太湖不同湖区沉积物磷形态的影响

采用磷分级提取的方法对太湖贡湖湾、南部湖区马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)群落内外的沉积物样品进行了采集和分析,调查了沉积物中的不同形态磷的垂直分布状况,研究马来眼子菜群落对沉积物磷迁移转化的影响.结果表明:植物群丛对沉积物铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现不同.贡湖湾马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物Fe/Al-P高于群落外部的27.6%,差异性显著(P<0.05);南太湖马来眼子菜群丛内部沉积物中Fe/Al-P均值低于群丛外部的47.4%,差异性显著(P<0.05).植物群丛对沉积物有机磷(OP)的影响在贡湖湾和南太湖表现相似,两湖区植物群丛外部沉积物中OP含量均值高于群落内部.马来眼子菜群丛对贡湖湾和南太湖沉积物中Ca-P有较明显的影响,植物的影响主要体现在表层0~15cm范围内,贡湖湾湖区沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP含量较高,在植物的影响下转化为Ca-P,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈上升趋势;南太湖沉积物中Ca-P含量较高,在植物影响下Ca-P有一定量的释放,因此Ca-P在表层沉积物中呈下降趋势.     

5种水生植物去污抗逆能力的试验研究

在实验室人工模拟太湖地区初春较寒冷的气象条件下,对5种能越冬的水生植物(伊乐藻、微齿眼子菜、竹叶眼子菜、石菖蒲和水芹菜)在不同营养条件下去除氮磷的效果和一些反映其抗逆能力的生理生化指标进行了系统的对比研究.结果表明:这5种植物均能较好地吸收水中的营养物质,其中以水芹菜和微齿眼子菜的脱氮除磷效果最好;5种植物体内脯氨酸含量均与水体营养物质的质量浓度呈正相关,相同试验条件下,水芹菜和微齿眼子菜体内脯氨酸的积累倍数最高,表明二者的抗逆能力也较强;但当水体营养物质的质量浓度超过一定限值后,5种植物的生物量增长率均随水体营养等级的增高而下降.水芹菜和微齿眼子菜可作为构成双层次群落结构(FAMS)的优选植物种类,用于修复太湖地区富营养化水体.      

马来眼子菜腐烂分解氮磷转化模型研究

马来眼子菜是太湖水生植被中重要的优势种,其新陈代谢残体腐烂分解过程是湖泊水体营养盐循环重要组成部分.为定量化揭示其腐烂分解规律以及对水体营养盐含量影响,基于室内马来眼子菜腐烂分解试验结果,建立了马来眼子菜腐烂分解氮磷转化模型.模型由马来眼子菜腐烂分解氮转化子模型和磷转化子模型组成,考虑了马来眼子菜体内无机氮磷的溶解、有机氮磷的降解以及边壁对水体中氮磷吸附3个主要过程.模型共有8个状态变量,分别为马来眼子菜体内无机氮、有机氮、无机磷、有机磷,以及水体中总氮、总磷、边壁吸附的氮和磷.模型校验输出的水体总氮、总磷以及最后1 d的马来眼子菜体内氮磷、边壁吸附的氮磷与试验实测值吻合较好,校验获得的马来眼子菜体内无机氮、无机磷溶解释放速率分别为0.04 d-1、0.06 d-1,其体内有机氮、有机磷降解释放速率分别为0.00525 d-1、0.01044 d-1.模型结果显示,马来眼子菜在腐烂分解的前5 d,其体内分别有6.7%、35.8%的氮、磷被分解;磷优先于氮释放,其机制是马来眼子菜残体含有相对较高比例的无机磷;温度变化对马来眼子菜腐烂分解释放氮磷转化过程具有一定影响,但在温度较低时,温度变化对马来眼子菜腐烂分解的影响较小;马来眼子菜分解仅在一定的时间内对水质产生不利影响,其后水体颗粒以及边壁吸附作用能消除这种影响.     

滇池流域沉水植物衰退和消失驱动因子的研究

为了研究滇池流域沉水植物衰退和消失的驱动因子,该文通过室内控制培养沉水植物黑藻、金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜,结合沉水植物野外调查数据、水质监测数据和相关数理统计分析结果,定量分析导致沉水植物死亡衰退的驱动因子及其浓度阈值。研究结果表明氨氮是驱动沉水植物分布和群落结构变化的主导因子,氨氮与沉水植物种类的相关性最大,且呈负相关。高浓度的氨氮导致沉水植物黑藻、金鱼藻和篦齿眼子菜死亡,且p H值升高时导致沉水植物死亡的氨氮浓度阈值降低。随着p H值从7升至8.5,导致黑藻死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从12 mg/L下降到2 mg/L,且导致黑藻全部死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降至6 mg/L,导致金鱼藻死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降到3 mg/L,导致篦齿眼子菜死亡的氨氮浓度最低值从高于16 mg/L下降到8 mg/L,即氨氮和p H的协同作用加快了沉水植物死亡衰退的速率。因此,氨氮和p H的协同作用是沉水植物的衰退和消失的驱动因素,且p H值越高,驱动作用越明显。     

黄河三角洲不同生境下芦苇磷的累积和分配过程

为阐明不同生境对黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇磷(P)的累积和分配过程的影响,于2016年5-11月,选取新生芦苇湿地和退耕芦苇湿地为研究对象,测定了芦苇植物体各器官与枯落物的生物量和P含量.结果 表明:①新生湿地和退耕湿地内芦苇各器官生物量均呈现先增加后减少的变化特征,枯落物生物量符合指数型增加模型,退耕湿地内的芦苇生物量高...     

沉水植物对沉积物微生物群落结构影响:以洪泽湖湿地为例

应用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法分析洪泽湖湿地典型沉水植物菹草群丛、蓖齿眼子菜群丛、菹-蓖混丛对其根系沉积物微生物群落结构的影响,以期了解沉水植物种类以及在不同生长时期对沉积物微生物群落结构的影响规律.结果表明,植物群丛根系沉积物PLFA总量在不同的时期发生了明显的变化,而同一时期的不同群丛PLFA总量差异不显著.沉积物微生物群落结构受沉水植物根系影响,菹草群丛中G~+/G~-(革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌)在3个不同生长时期比值为0.74、1.35、1.26,蓖齿眼子菜群丛G~+/G~-比值为0.89、0.98、1.49,菹-蓖混合群丛G~+/G~-比值为0.95、1.39、1.35,其G~+/G~-的变化和植物根系生长有密切关系.沉积物微生物群落结构受环境因子的影响,环境因子如T、p H、TOC、DO等与沉积物PLFA中特征磷脂存在相关性.     

12种水生植物对茅洲河污染水体的净化研究

文章选取12种水生植物苦草、篦齿眼子菜、伊乐藻、水龙、蕹菜、节节草、芦苇、水葱、风车草、紫芋、水生美人蕉和梭鱼草为研究对象,于2018年10底至12月中旬在深圳市茅洲河中游河畔开展试验,对比研究其对河流污染水体的净化能力。结果表明,12种水生植物对茅洲河污染水体TN和COD的去除率差异显著(p<0.05),对TP和NH_3-N去除率差异不显著(p>0.05)。本土优势种水龙和节节草能快速生长、繁殖,且对TN、NH_3-N和TP具有较高的去除率,分别达86.0%、41.3%和95.1%以上,但是对COD的去除率较低。挺水植物紫芋表现出最强的综合水质净化能力,其对TN、NH_3-N、TP和COD的去除率分别为93.1%、98.1%、42.3%和80.8%,并能在较短时间内大幅降低水体中TN和NH_3-N浓度。水生美人蕉、水葱和芦苇等挺水植物也显示出较强的水质净化能力,可作为水质净化中的优选种类。伊乐藻、苦草和篦齿眼子菜3种沉水植物在试验过程中生长较缓慢,对TN和COD的去除率较低,但显示出较强的TP净化能力,TP去除率分别为48.6%、43.1%和42.9%,且能在较短时间内大幅降低水体TP浓度。     

不同浓度藻类水华对两种沉水植物的影响

为了研究藻类水华对沉水植被恢复的影响,通过模拟不同浓度的藻类水华,开展了篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）和伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）在不同浓度藻类水华下（0,6.25×10⁸,2.5×10⁹,10¹⁰cell/L）的生长和生理试验.结果表明,低浓度（6.25×10⁸cell/L）处理组中伊乐藻的干重显著低于对照组,而藻浓度达到10¹⁰cell/L时,篦齿眼子菜的干重才显著低于对照组.与其它处理组相比,在藻浓度为10¹⁰cell/L的情况下,篦齿眼子菜的株高最矮,而伊乐藻的株高最高.叶绿素荧光特性表明藻浓度为10¹⁰cell/L的情况下,篦齿眼子菜的光合活性从0.77降低至0.50,而伊乐藻的光合活性无显著性变化,在0.72～0.79之间波动.沉水植物的抗氧化酶活性在藻类水华胁迫环境下先增加后降低.这表明,藻类水华对水生植物的生长影响有差异性;水体中过高的藻浓度会影响植物的抗性生理.沉水植物能忍耐短期低浓度的藻类水华胁迫,但是长期高浓度的藻类水华会严重影响沉水植物的生长,进而影响水生植被的恢复.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.