藻华聚集的生态效应:对凤眼莲叶绿素和光合作用的影响

以凤眼莲为研究对象,模拟凤眼莲叶绿素和光合作用变化对不同蓝藻水华聚集影响的应答响应.通过深入研究藻华聚集后对水生植物的生理影响,以揭示藻华规模性暴发引起水生植物消亡的深层机制和更好地发挥植物的水体生态修复功能.结果表明,藻华聚集后2 h内溶氧会耗尽,水体中氧化还原电位值(ORP)降至-200 m V,添加60 g·L-1和120 g·L-1新鲜藻细胞的处理1、2中溶解性总氮(DTN)含量分别高达44.49 mg·L-1、111.32 mg·L-1,溶解性总磷(DTP)含量分别高达2.57mg·L-1、9.10 mg·L-1,植物根区NH+4-N含量增加至32.99 mg·L-1、51.22 mg·L-1,形成厌氧、强还原、高营养盐环境而对凤眼莲产生胁迫作用,植物叶片叶绿素浓度呈现先增加、后降低的变化趋势,处理2的叶片光合能力、气孔导度(以CO2计)则呈现快速下降,至实验结束时下降为3.95μmol·(m2·s)-1、0.088μmol·(m2·s)-1,同期对照组叶片光合能力、气孔导度分别为22μmol·(m2·s)-1、0.78μmol·(m2·s)-1,表明凤眼莲对环境胁迫有较强的光合应答响应;实验中发现处理1中老根系脱落、大量白色嫩根长出,处理2中老根系大量死亡、脱落,无白色新根长出,同时叶片发黄、枯焦开始死亡,表明在超过了凤眼莲的抗逆境能力后,就开始出现根系死亡、光合能力受到抑制,植物开始死亡,表明在藻华聚集后形成的水体生态环境恶化对凤眼莲产生重度胁迫,使植物生理功能受到抑制是导致植物死亡的主要原因之一.     

蓝藻水华聚集对水葫芦生理生态的影响

蓝藻水华聚集后常会引起水体溶氧(DO)下降、水体环境恶化,从而对水生植物的生长产生影响.采用模拟实验,研究了在不超过25℃、5种不同浓度蓝藻聚集后,对水葫芦生长的影响及其生理响应变化,以期为减轻蓝藻聚集对植物不良影响和提高水体净化效果提供理论依据.结果表明,蓝藻聚集浓度低于60 g·L-1的处理中,随着蓝藻浓度的增加,水体的DO、p H下降,ORP值降低到100 m V左右,TN降低了58%~78%、TP降低了43%~68%、COD降低了59%~73%,植物叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA含量增加;并且蓝藻浓度越高,MDA含量越高.在不同蓝藻浓度处理中,在低于60 g·L-1的蓝藻聚集下,水葫芦仍可以生长;超过60 g·L-1的处理中,DO、ORP大幅度降低,水体出现缺氧乃至厌氧状态,植物叶片中可溶性糖的含量随着实验的进行表现为先增加、后减小的变化趋势,表明随着蓝藻浓度的增加,水葫芦对水体中氮磷的吸收能力降低,蓝藻聚集将对其产生不可逆的胁迫.各处理中植物的根长、总长、鲜重与实验刚开始相比,都呈现增加的趋势,根长增加0.29~2.44倍,总长增加0.41~0.76倍,鲜重增加0.9~1.43倍,并且随蓝藻浓度的增加,根长、总长增加的幅度减小.因此在利用漂浮植物水体净化中,将避免蓝藻的严重聚集,从而更好地发挥其水体净化功能.     

不同营养水平下沉水植物的抑藻效应

控制水体的营养盐浓度,尤其是磷浓度,可以控制藻类水华的发生.然而,经济成本很高.相对藻类而言,沉水植物对水体营养盐升高敏感性更低,且沉水植物的存在可以改变藻类的群落结构和生长速率.为探讨沉水植物在营养盐与蓝藻水华控制关系中的作用,本研究探讨了有无水生植物存在下,不同营养盐浓度(磷浓度分别为0.025、0.05、0.1 mg·L~(-1),对应地表水Ⅲ～Ⅴ类)下蓝藻水华暴发(chlorophyll-a10μg·L~(-1))的频率、强度和持续时间.结果表明,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)和10μg·L~(-1)情况下,3种磷浓度下都会发生水华,磷浓度的升高会导致蓝藻水华暴发的强度和持续时间增加.然而,在加入水生植物金鱼藻后,初始藻浓度为5μg·L~(-1)的条件下,没有形成水华.初始藻浓度为10μg·L~(-1)的条件下,各处理组在实验初始时会形成短暂水华,之后,各处理组的叶绿素a浓度均低于10μg·L~(-1),显示蓝藻生长受到抑制.因此,沉水植物存在情况下,在营养盐较高的水体,蓝藻水华也不会发生.     

孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在模拟水体中的垂直分布与浮力规律研究

采用大型室内湖泊模拟装置对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在富营养化湖泊中的垂直分布与迁移特征进行了模拟,并通过10 L玻璃瓶实验对孟氏浮游蓝丝藻浮力对光的响应进行了分析.湖泊模拟实验结果表明,光照后,表层孟氏浮游蓝丝藻开始向下层迁移,光照8h后,藻丝在深2～3m左右水层形成稳定聚集层;藻丝容易集聚层在光照度为10μmol·(m2·s)-1左右水层,处于该水层上部的藻丝漂浮百分率<50%趋向于沉降,处于该水层下部的藻丝漂浮百分率>50%趋向于漂浮;无光照后,藻丝开始往水体表层聚集,无光照12h后,约20%的藻丝聚集在水体表层,无光照48h后,约50%的藻丝聚集在水体表层;说明浮游蓝丝藻白天主要分布在水体2～3m处,在早晨或连续的阴天后,可能在水体表层形成水华.10 L玻璃瓶实验结果表明,强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-70%间变化,弱光照[25μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝漂浮百分率在30%-50%间变化,说明强光照[100μmol·(m2·s)-1]/无光照周期下藻丝具有明显的沉降与漂浮特征.1昼夜内,藻细胞蛋白质和伪空胞的变化不明显,糖含量在14%-35%间变化,藻丝的浮力对光照的响应可能通过藻细胞的糖含量变化实现.     

高等水生植物中镉的富集分配规律及危害

本文报道了四种水生植物——狐尾藻、水葫芦、紫背萍、荇菜对水体镉污染的反应和它们的净化作用。其结果是:植物的不同种类、不同器官、不同生态习性的不同镉富集量;水体镉浓度与植物的富集量之间有显著相关;富集系数因植物种和器官不同而异;随镉浓度的上升,叶细胞膜受损,叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b比率下降;植物内部的破坏先于外部;植物的抗性顺序为水葫芦>狐尾藻>荇菜>紫背萍。作者认为水葫芦对水体镉污染具有较理想的净化作用,紫背萍则是较好的监测植物。     

利用水生植物改善北京动物园水环境的研究初探

近年来，北京动物园的水体出现严重的富营养化问题，为了净化水环境，本课题采用了水生植物净化水体的生态工程方法进行了研究。研究结果表明，利用水生植物不仅能净化北京动物园水体，而且还有利于营造水上园林景观和水禽创造适宜的生存环境。从单一水生植物的净化作用上看，水葫芦的净化效果最好，次之为睡莲和野生荷花。人工种植的荷上对较差；多种水生植物的组合更有利于植物在净化作用上的优势互补，从而能始终保持较好的净化效果。此外，试验还发现香蒲的适生水深为0.3-0.4m。     

不同污染负荷下浮水植物对水体营养盐的去除及生理响应

为了阐明在不同污染负荷下,水生植物对水体氮、磷、钾等营养盐的削减效果及不同营养水平下的生理响应,选用水质净化力强的漂浮植物水浮莲和水葫芦,探讨其对污水处理厂一级A达标排放尾水中氮、磷、钾的去除效果及此过程中水生植物的生理生态学变化.结果表明,尾水经过总长80m的水浮莲和水葫芦组合配置的净化塘后,水体TN、TP、TK分别由初始的11.97,1.69,8.10mg/L削减至5.23,1.10,4.73mg/L.随着水体营养盐浓度的逐渐降低,水浮莲和水葫芦根冠比均有显著增加,水浮莲茎叶叶绿素a含量明显降低,叶片微黄,而水葫芦叶绿素a含量变化不大.2种漂浮植物根系中与氮、磷、钾等营养盐相关的硝酸还原酶(NR)、Na~+-K~+ATP酶、H~+-K~+ATP酶均与水体氮、磷、钾浓度负相关,当环境中浓度营养盐浓度较低时,水生植物可通过提高根系中相关酶活性,满足自己对营养的高效吸收与利用.而水浮莲根系的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力与水体氮、磷、钾浓度呈正相关.其中水葫芦根系的Na~+-K~+ATP酶和H~+-K~+ATP酶相比于初始值分别提高了88.92%和103.20%.     

水生植物组合后根际微生物及水净化研究

富营养化水体的净化多集中于用单一生态型的水生植物或通过水生植物配置进行,而把多种不同生态型的水生植物镶嵌组合使用还少见报道,水生植物与微生物的关系也有类似情况。实验选择了三种不同生态型的水生植物镶嵌组合(慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia),挺水植物;大薸(Pistia stratiote),漂浮植物;穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum),沉水植物)后对富营养化水体进行净化研究,结果表明:(1)水生植物镶嵌组合后对富营养化水体中的TN和TP去除效果明显,并且能够长期维持此净化效果;(2)植物根际细菌与TN的变化有良好的正相关关系,而真菌、放细菌与TN的去除关系不大;(3)TP的去除与微生物的相关性不高,TP的去除主要是水生植物的作用;(4)被净化水体中的细菌数量一直维持一个低水平状态,说明水质有很大改善。     

大水面放养水葫芦对太湖竺山湖水环境净化效果的影响

利用水葫芦等生长快、生物量高的漂浮植物来净化污染水体,已成为目前水体生态修复的一种快捷有效的方法.在太湖竺山湖放养水葫芦后对水体营养盐吸收和水质净化效果的影响进行了研究.结果表明,受风浪扰动等影响,水体交换强烈,水葫芦放养区内溶解氧含量变化幅度在3.50～11.20 mg/L之间,未出现厌氧现象.水葫芦须根具有较强的吸...     

表面流人工湿地中水生植被的净化效应与组合系统净化效果

以无植物空白系统为对照,通过批量盆栽试验探讨了表面流人工湿地中不同类型水生植被(苦草(沉水植物)、水葫芦(浮水植物)、芦苇(挺水植物))的引人对富营养化水体不同污染物净化效果的影响;根据不同污染物去除的阶段性特征设计了分段式表面流人工湿地(好氧塘-水葫芦湿地一苦草湿地),并通过示范工程探讨了富营养河流的原位净化效果.研究表明,批量盆栽试验中,与无植物空白系统相比,芦苇的引入显著增加了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(为无植物空白系统的1.5倍),而水葫芦和苦草的引入则显著降低了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(分别为无植物空白系统的80%和30%);3种水生植物的引入均显著促进了CODcr、TN、NH 4-N的去除(与无植物空白系统相比),其中水葫芦系统具有最好的CODcr和TN去除效果(起始CODcr和TN水平分别为35.8 mg·L-1和6.86 mg˙L-1时,去除率分别为58.91%、76.67%),而苦草的引入则显著地促进了水体中氧化态氮的形成与积累.分段式表面流人工湿地的原位净化研究表明,水力负荷为6.2cm.d-1时,分段式表面流人工湿地对CODcr的净化效果较好,水力负荷过高会影响分段式表面流人工湿地的净化效果.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.