基于稀疏表达的水体遥感反射率高光谱重构及其应用

高光谱重构技术可以有效的突破多光谱卫星传感器波段设置的限制,获得更多更有效的地物光谱信息。本研究基于稀疏表达方法提出了一种针对水体遥感反射率的高光谱重构算法,以太湖、杭州湾的原位水体光谱数据为数据源,在5种常用水色传感器(Sentinel-2A MSI、MERIS、MODIS Aqua、GOCI以及VIIRS)上进行了高光谱重构实验,最后将该算法应用于GOCI数据,进行了算法适用性验证。结果表明:(1)基于稀疏表达的高光谱重构算法可以在不利用实测光谱数据的情况下实现高光谱重构,光谱重构精度高于多元回归光谱重构算法;(2)基于稀疏表达的高光谱重构算法在5种水色传感器上都取得了较好的效果,平均相对误差均在10%以下,均方根误差均在0.005sr-1以下;(3)相比于原始GOCI多光谱数据,经稀疏表达高光谱重构后的GOCI数据在叶绿素a浓度和总悬浮物浓度估算精度上有不同程度提升。其中对叶绿素a浓度估算而言,平均相对误差从80.6%减少至51.5%,均方根误差从12.175μg·L-1减少至7.125μg·L-1;对悬浮物浓度估算而言,平均相对误差从19.1%减少至18.8%,均方根误差从29.048 mg·L-1减少至28.596 mg·L-1。     

黄河口悬浮物浓度Landsat8 OLI多波段反演研究

黄河口海域悬浮物浓度,是研究黄河输沙和近岸水体生态环境的重要水质参数.之前的浓度反演模型主要采用一元二次函数或幂函数等单参数形式,利用2011年夏冬两季同步观测的遥感反射率和悬浮物浓度,本文给出了一种针对Landsat8 OLI传感器的两参数线性模型.该模型需两个输入参数,每个参数都是两个波段的光谱比值.结果表明:OLI传感器的近红外(波段5)光谱、以及它与蓝绿波段(波段1,2或3)的光谱比值,是黄河口海域悬浮物浓度反演的敏感波段,可用于建立单参数经验模型;除了敏感波段外,本研究的模型还用到红绿波段的光谱比值(波段4与波段3的比值),因而能够更好地表征光谱随悬浮物浓度的变化关系;其决定系数,均方根误差和平均相对误差分别为0.98,43.53mg·L~(-1)和20.97%,优于单参数经验模型,而且受误差影响小,因而更适合黄河口海域悬浮物浓度反演.     

一种基于GOCI数据的叶绿素a浓度三波段估算模型

以标准三波段算法为基础,构建了适用于GOCI影像数据的叶绿素a浓度三波段估算模型.并以三峡水库、巢湖、洞庭湖和太湖水体的289组实测叶绿素a浓度以及光谱数据作为基础,模拟了GOCI影像和MERIS影像波段,率定了模型参数,并与MERIS三波段算法和目前常用的GOCI波段比值算法进行了对比分析,最终用GOCI影像数据进行了独立数据验证.结果表明:1对目前的数据集,680 nm处和660 nm处的色素颗粒物吸收系数具有相对固定的比例关系,比值为1.351;2 GOCI三波段模型在模型率定中,得到与MERIS三波段模型近似的效果,线性拟合的决定系数为0.809,略低于MERIS三波段模型的0.820,但明显优于GOCI比值模型(0.450),有效避免了GOCI波段比值模型中在叶绿素a浓度低值区出现的"扩散"现象,体现出较好的普适性;3通过验证数据集中平均相对误差和均方根误差两个误差指标的对比,发现GOCI三波段模型误差表现与建模数据一致,与MERIS数据接近,明显优于GOCI波段比值模型;4通过GOCI影像的同步验证,发现GOCI波段比值算法会对太湖叶绿素a浓度产生明显的低估,且难以体现叶绿素a浓度空间变异.GOCI三波段算法效果相对较好.相比于目前常用的波段比值算法,GOCI三波段算法具有更高的稳定性和精度,有较强的应用潜力.     

面向GOCI数据的太湖总磷浓度反演及其日内变化研究

总磷浓度是水质评价的一个重要指标,是水体富营养化、蓝藻水华暴发的重要影响因素,遥感技术具有范围广、时效高的优势,利用卫星遥感监测总磷浓度,对于水质和富营养化的研究有着重要意义.利用2013~2014年3次地面实验数据,构建了基于GOCI影像的总磷反演模型,为了检验模型的适用性,选取2014年春、夏、秋、冬各1日GOCI影像,对太湖总磷浓度的日内变化进行分析.结果表明,利用GOCI数据8个波段的波段组合作为变量,进行逐步回归分析所建立的模型具有较高的反演精度,模型的决定系数为0.898,平均绝对误差百分比为14.296%,均方根误差为0.026 mg·L~(-1).同时,利用地面实测样点与同步卫星影像对模型进行了精度分析,2014年8月5日和2014年10月24日同步影像的验证精度分别为:平均绝对误差百分比为33.642%和22.551%,均方根误差为0.076 mg·L~(-1)和0.028 mg·L~(-1).对4个季节中4 d的30幅影像对比分析表明,不同季节总磷浓度的绝对含量存在差异,但是,总磷浓度的时空分布及从早晨到下午的差异性存在相似性.从空间分布上看,梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾及西南部沿岸小梅港、长兜港总磷浓度长期偏高,各个区域的总磷浓度变化受到风向、风速等因素的影响;从时间变化上看,早上总磷浓度最高,随后逐渐降低,反映了总磷浓度受到温度和光照影响的效果.     

利用高光谱反演模型评估太湖水体叶绿素a浓度分布

叶绿素a浓度是评价水体富营养化和初级生产力的一个重要参数,高光谱遥感是获取叶绿素a浓度的有效手段.为建立太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型,选取2015年5—7月共计60组同步实测高光谱数据和叶绿素a浓度数据,在地面光谱反射率和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析的基础上,使用2∶1的数据样本进行太湖水域叶绿素a的最佳高光谱估算模型的建立和验证,筛选模型分别为波段比值、三波段、荧光峰位置、峰谷距离、一阶微分、NDCI(Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index)、峰面积、荧光峰高度、WCI(Water Chlorophyll-a Index)和四波段模型.结果表明,建模得到的四波段模型决定系数最高,峰面积模型的决定系数相对最低;四波段模型的反演精度最高,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.00376 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对误差(MAPE)为27.86%,而WCI模型的反演精度相对最低,RMSE为0.01231 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.11%.将反演精度最高的四波段模型应用于2015年8月3日的两景HSI(Hyperspectral Imaging Radiometer)高光谱影像数据,也得到较高精度,利用同步实测叶绿素a浓度验证的决定系数为0.7643,RMSE为0.00433 mg·L~(-1),MAPE为45.62%.在春、夏季叶绿素对水体光学特性占主导作用且叶绿素分布均匀的情景下,本研究可为太湖水域叶绿素a的高光谱反演和水环境监测提供有价值的参考,其它季节水体光谱特点的研究尚待进一步开展.     

基于OLCI数据的福建近海悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物（TSM）是评估水质的重要指标,也是水色遥感反演的核心参数之一.海陆色度仪（OLCI）是新一代海洋水色传感器,具有良好的光谱及时空分辨率.为有效监测福建近海悬浮物浓度的时空变化,本文结合OLCI遥感数据和现场实测悬浮物浓度数据,使用CatBoost、随机森林和多元回归方法,分别构建悬浮物浓度反演模型,最后使用验证集对比分析不同模型的反演精度.结果表明,CatBoost模型估算精度最高,均方根误差（RMSE）为2.76 mg·L^-1,平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）为23.67%,决定系数R²为0.89.使用CatBoost模型对2017—2018年多时相OLCI影像进行TSM浓度遥感反演,结果发现,福建近海TSM浓度变化显著,但总体呈现近岸高于远岸、北部高于南部、江河入海口和港湾处高于周围其他海域、春季高于夏季的时空分布特征.本研究可为福建近海的悬浮物浓度监测提供一种有效的方法,也进一步证明了OLCI影像良好的水色反演能力,可作为水质监测的有效遥感数据源.     

基于GOCI影像和水体光学分类的内陆湖泊叶绿素a浓度遥感估算

叶绿素a作为水质参数之一,常用来作为衡量水体富营养化程度的指示标准.利用从太湖及洞庭湖获取的326个实测数据,基于实测遥感反射率对水体光谱进行光学分类,结果表明所采集的样点可分为3种水体类型.结合GOCI的波段设置,建立了不同类型水体的叶绿素a浓度反演模型.水体类型一可以利用490 nm(3波段)和555 nm(4波段)来反演,水体类型二可利用660 nm(5波段)和443 nm(2波段),水体类型三利用745 nm(7波段)和680 nm(6波段).精度分析表明,分类后的平均相对误差明显下降,类型一为38.91%、类型二为24.19%、类型三为22.90%;类型一均方根误差为4.87μg·L-1、类型二为8.13μg·L-1、类型三为11.66μg·L-1;分类前后的总体平均相对误差由49.78%降低到29.59%,总体均方根误差由14.10μg·L-1降低到9.29μg·L-1,分类后反演精度得到了显著提高.利用2013年5月13日8景GOCI影像反演了太湖的叶绿素a浓度,结果表明,2013年5月13日太湖叶绿素a浓度日变化显著,高值区主要集中在竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾,低值区主要集中在湖心区以及南部区域,10:00以后太湖西南部沿岸的叶绿素a浓度显著降低.这种先分类后反演的方法对于二类水体的模型反演精度的提高具有重要作用.     

基于改进的PSO优化LSSVM参数的松花江哈尔滨段悬浮物的遥感反演

悬浮物是松花江水质和水环境评价的重要参数之一.利用在松花江哈尔滨段江面上29个采样点的实测高光谱和悬浮物浓度数据,用20个采样点数据为训练集,9个采样点数据为测试集.将机器学习和全局优化智能计算方法引入,应用改进的粒子群(PSO)优化最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)参数,以均方根误差RMSE为适应度函数,根据迭代得到LSSVM最优参数值,用700 nm和750 nm光谱反射率比值(R700/R750)为特征变量,悬浮物数据为目标变量,用训练集数据训练得到反演模型,使用测试集数据进行验证.结果表明,此模型收敛速度快,精度高,得到预测值的均方根误差RMSE为10.11 mg·L-1,平均绝对百分误差MAPE为10.72%,模型决定系数R2为0.952,该方法可用来对其它水质参数反演预测提供参照.     

太湖、巢湖水体总悬浮物浓度半分析反演模型构建及其适用性评价

总悬浮物浓度是水体重要的水质参数.本研究利用太湖春季、秋季和巢湖夏季多期野外实测数据,通过对生物光学模型进行合理的简化构建适用于太湖、巢湖水体总悬浮物浓度反演的半分析模型,并将该模型应用于MERIS和环境一号卫星高光谱卫星影像上以验证该方法的适用性.结果表明:①针对太湖和巢湖水体,总悬浮物浓度最优反演波段范围为730～832nm(氧气吸收带除外);②针对MERIS数据,波段10(中心波长754 nm)和波段12(中心波长779 nm)均适用于太湖总悬浮物浓度反演,而波段11(中心波长761 nm)由于氧气吸收带的影响不适用于总悬浮物浓度反演;③针对太湖MERIS数据,模型反演结果的相对误差基本上呈现出随距离卫星过境时间增大而逐渐增加的趋势,在卫星过境时间正负3 h内测量的样点,模型反演结果的相对误差均在50%以内,而时间差超过3 h,相对误差则逐渐增大到50%以上;④环境一号卫星高光谱数据17个波段(B83～B99)均能够对巢湖总悬浮物浓度进行较好的反演,其反演效果要好于MERIS数据在太湖的反演结果.     

基于HJ1A-CCD数据的高光谱影像重构研究

遥感影像高光谱重构可以从较少的光谱波段还原出丰富的高光谱信息,为水环境遥感提供更加适用的数据源,对内陆水体水色遥感具有重要意义.利用2009年6月13日获取的HJ1A-HSI和HJ1A-CCD数据,构建HJ1A-CCD数据的高光谱重构模型,重构结果表明:①与地面实测数据相比,重构数据和HJ1A-HSI数据在660～900 nm波长范围内的平均相对误差分别为0.305 1和0.337 7;②重构影像信息熵和平均梯度都高于HJ1A-HSI影像.此外,分别利用HJ1A-HSI数据和重构数据建立叶绿素a浓度的三波段反演模型,发现重构数据能得到更高的反演精度.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.