控制ORP实现连续流反应器部分亚硝化稳定运行

利用ORP在线监控设备,研究了控制ORP值实现连续流部分亚硝化反应器稳定运行的可行性,并使出水水质满足厌氧氨氧化需求.结果表明,在亚硝氮与氨氮比值、温度和pH值恒定的条件下,反应器内ORP值波动主要由于DO浓度波动引起.在稳定的亚硝化系统中,当ORP值大于250mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值大于2.1;当ORP值控制在150mV左右时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值稳定在1.2~1.3之间.ORP值控制在120mV时,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比值为0.9~1.06.将ORP值控制在150mV时,随着进水氨氮浓度由300mg/L提高至813mg/L,反应器出水亚硝氮与氨氮比值基本维持在1.1~1.3之间.但随之增加的游离氨浓度易导致亚硝化菌活性抑制.因此,在低氧环境下ORP作为连续流部分亚硝化反应器亚硝化程度的控制指标,其灵敏度和精度明显优于DO监测设备.     

污水处理厂CANON工艺小试

在污水处理厂进行CANON工艺小试.试验以污水处理厂A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动并运行CANON生物滤柱.第48 d时,反应器氨氮去除率连续10 d大于90%,总氮去除率在70%以上,CANON生物滤柱启动成功.第49~129 d,反应器内部DO控制在较低水平(0.2~0.5 mg·L~(-1)),出水几乎不含氨氮.最大出水总氮浓度为15.6 mg·L~(-1),超过一级A排放标准,硝化细菌(NOB)出现了过量增殖的现象.第129、169和213 d对滤柱进行反冲洗,使得反应器长期总氮去除率大于70%,出水总氮浓度小于12 mg·L~(-1).出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到了一级A标准,硝化细菌得到了有效抑制.结果表明,反冲洗几乎不会影响滤层结构,对滤料生物膜厚度和功能微生物活性影响较小,对硝化细菌抑制作用较大.在实际工程应用中可以通过定期反冲洗维持CANON工艺稳定运行.     

低温SNAD颗粒污泥工艺启动方式

为研究启动方式对同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)颗粒污泥工艺的影响,低温(12.7~18.3℃)条件下,R1和R2反应器分别通过先启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺和先启动厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SAD)工艺的方式逐步启动SNAD颗粒污泥工艺.结果表明,R1反应器启动成功后,氨氮几乎完全去除,总氮去除率达到86.7%.低氨氮浓度运行时,出水总氮去除率下降至75.3%,出水总氮浓度在10 mg·L~(-1)左右,NOB存在过量增殖现象,出水总氮浓度超过北京市水污染物排放标准一级A规定.R2反应器启动成功后,出水几乎不含氨氮,总氮去除率在89.1%左右,略高于R1反应器.低氨氮浓度运行时,出水氨氮浓度小于1.0 mg·L~(-1),出水总氮浓度小于6 mg·L~(-1),出水氨氮和总氮浓度满足地标一级A标准.先启动SAD工艺可以在启动初期通过厌氧运行将NOB逐渐淘汰出系统内,维持了系统的稳定性,为后续曝气启动SNAD工艺提供了良好的基础,维持了反应器的稳定运行,实现出水总氮长期排放达标.     

以DO、ORP、pH作为两段SBR工艺的实时控制参数

介绍了在传统SBR脱氮工艺的基础上 ,开发的用于处理COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水的两段SBR系统 (TSSBR) .根据传统SBR工艺在反应过程中 ,当COD不再被降解 ,而硝化反应又没有开始时 ,DO迅速大幅度升高以及pH曲线上出现的拐点 ,可以将COD降解与硝化反应分割开 ,先后在不同的反应器内进行 ,分别命名为SBR1和SBR2 ,避免高COD浓度对硝化反应的冲击 ,提高处理效率 .利用在线检测的DO、ORP和pH参数实时控制SBR1、SBR2各个生化过程的反应时间 ,解决了两段SBR系统的自动控制问题 ,可以使系统长期稳定运行 ,保证出水水质 ,节约能耗 .采用实时控制策略 ,并控制系统温度在 3 0℃左右 ,可将SBR2的硝化反应控制在亚硝酸型硝化结束 .采用该工艺处理石化废水 ,COD去除率达到 90 %～ 95 % ,3 0℃时的比硝化反应速率达到 0 3kg(NH4 N) (kg(MLSS)·d) ,出水已检测不出氨氮和硝态氮     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

溶解氧对序批式全程自养脱氮工艺运行的影响

在常温22~26℃下,接种成熟的全程自养脱氮(CANON)污泥至2个相同的SBR反应器,通过设置不同的初期DO及不同的DO梯度,考察了DO控制策略及DO值对CANON工艺脱氮性能,稳定性及污泥形态的影响.结果表明,初期DO为0.05~0.10mg/L的反应器可以稳定运行,氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为99%和85.4%,而初期DO为(0.40±0.5)mg/L的反应器的氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别为99%和0;在反应器运行稳定之后,逐渐增加DO浓度, DO为0,0.2,0.4,0.5mg/L时的厌氧氨氧化反应速率分别为35.95,23.89,31.50,19.25mgN/(L·h),延时曝气2h后反应器仍可正常运行.在一定DO范围内,CANON反应器的活性随着DO的升高而升高,较高DO对接种初期的CANON反应器冲击较大且不可逆,对稳定运行的CANON反应器的影响较小;但是当CANON工艺稳定运行之后,短时高DO对CANON工艺的影响是可逆的.显微镜照片显示稳定运行的CANON反应器内出现了颗粒化的趋势.     

低温SNAD颗粒污泥工艺启动方式

为研究启动方式对同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)颗粒污泥工艺的影响,低温(12.7~18.3℃)条件下,R1和R2反应器分别通过先启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺和先启动厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SAD)工艺的方式逐步启动SNAD颗粒污泥工艺。结果表明,R1反应器启动成功后,氨氮几乎完全去除,总氮去除率达到86.7%。低氨氮浓度运行时,出水总氮去除率下降至75.3%,出水总氮浓度在10mg·L-1左右,NOB存在过量增殖现象,出水总氮浓度超过北京市水污染物排放标准一级A规定。R2反应器启动成功后,出水几乎不含氨氮,总氮去除率在89.1%左右,略高于R1反应器。低氨氮浓度运行时,出水氨氮浓度小于1.0 mg·L-1,出水总氮浓度小于6 mg·L-1,出水氨氮和总氮浓度满足地标一级A标准。先启动SAD工艺可以在启动初期通过厌氧运行将NOB逐渐淘汰出系统内,维持了系统的稳定性,为后续曝气启动SNAD工艺提供了良好的基础,维持了反应器的稳定运行,实现出水总氮长期排放达标。     

水力停留时间和溶解氧对陶粒CANON反应器的影响

以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为进水,通过接种CANON污泥,以陶粒作为填料,研究了HRT和DO对生物膜CANON反应器的影响.试验过程中,控制进水氨氮浓度基本不变,依次控制反应器的HRT为9、7、5 h,同时控制DO的范围为1.16~3.20 mg·L-1.研究发现:1当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,尽管提高DO有利于提高AOB的活性和系统内基质的传质效果,但是CANON反应器的NH+4-N、TN去除效果依然随着HRT的缩短而下降,尤其当DO超过2.50 mg·L-1时,TN去除效果大幅度下降;2当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,随着HRT的缩短,CANON反应器的短程硝化性能趋于稳定,而当DO超过1.75 mg·L-1时,即使缩短HRT,其短程硝化性能依然遭到严重破坏;3CANON反应器中短程硝化稳定性能和去除效果较佳的条件是HRT为7 h,且DO控制在1.20~1.75 mg·L-1之间.HRT和DO是废水生物处理的重要运行参数,直接影响到生物处理的效果和出水水质,协调控制两者的变化范围,对提高CANON工艺对高氨氮废水的处理效果非常重要.     

间歇曝气模式下曝气量对短程硝化恢复的影响

采用SBR反应器在间歇曝气模式下对搁置2个月的短程硝化污泥进行恢复,控制曝气量分别为120、100、80和60L·h-1,在温度为25℃、交替好氧/缺氧时间比为30 min/30 min条件下处理实际生活污水,进水氨氮浓度为50~80 mg·L~(-1),出水氨氮浓度分别在第12、18、21和21周期之后稳定在5 mg·L~(-1)以下,氨氮去除率均高达95.00%左右;第30、35、38和42周期时,亚硝氮积累浓度分别达到20.83、22.81、21.50和20.73 mg·L~(-1),硝氮出水浓度均低于0.5 mg·L~(-1),亚硝积累率均高于99%,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性最终均稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性逐渐被抑制,4种曝气量下均成功实现了短程硝化的恢复.     

温度对间歇曝气SBR短程硝化及硝化活性的影响

采用SBR反应器处理实际生活污水,单周期分别交替4次(30℃)和7次(18℃)好氧/缺氧模式,好氧/缺氧时间比为30min/30 min.进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度为61.44 mg·L~(-1)和0.77 mg·L~(-1),分别运行61和90周期时,出水氨氮分别为0.68mg·L~(-1)和1.28 mg·L~(-1),氨氮去除率高达98.94%和99.57%;亚硝氮积累浓度达到20.57 mg·L~(-1)和20.18 mg·L~(-1),亚硝氮积累率分别达到95.92%和99.58%.在实现短程硝化过程中,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性逐渐增加最后稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性先增加后逐渐降低,分别在32和74周期时,AOB活性超过NOB活性,AOB成为优势菌种,61和90周期时NOB活性被完全抑制.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.