煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏(或烟气脱硫污泥)制备成建筑用轻质陶粒,实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多,但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石-粉煤灰-废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在950—1250℃,最佳烧结温度为1200±50℃,制得的陶位坚硬如岩石,容重等级为900,筒压强度为9—15MPa,超过GB2838-81的筒压强度≥6.5MPa的规定。     

粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

煤矸石-石灰石-纯碱烧结过程研究

从煤矸石中提取氧化铝、并用残渣直接煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料，同时将废气、废液循环利用，是煤矸石高附加值、低污染资源化综合利用的新工艺．通过对该工艺的煤矸石石灰石纯碱烧结过程固相反应历程的分析和研究，揭示了烧结过程的反应特点，并讨论了烧结温度和烧结时间对氧化铝提取率的影响．当烧结温度为１０４０℃、烧结时间为８０ｍｉｎ时，氧化铝的提取率可达到最大值８５２％．     

H－酸废母液的湿式空气氧化处理

研究了用湿式氧化法处理染料中间体Ｈ－酸废母液。在２００－２５０℃，Ｐｏ２＝１－３ＭＰａ下，Ｈ－酸的湿式氧化反应可分为２个阶段，最初１０ｍｉｎ为快反应段，ＣＯＤ快速下降，ＵＶ／可见光吸光度先急剧升高，之后快速降低；慢反应段延续到３０ｍｉｎ，ＣＯＤ和吸光度缓慢下降，其后变化不大。经过温式氧化处理之后，可生化性大幅度改善，在１６０℃，充氧３ＭＰａ，反应１ｈ，可使１０ｇ／Ｌ的Ｈ－酸液的ＣＯＤ降低５０％，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ由３．４％升高到３３．３％。反应后尾气中不含ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ类有害气体。     

污染底泥与焚烧飞灰混烧陶粒实验研究

为考察疏浚污染底泥与垃圾焚烧灰混合烧制陶粒的可行性,根据陶粒的桶压强度和吸水率等性能确定了原料配比,考察了焙烧温度对陶粒微观形貌、重金属残留率、浸出比例及浓度的影响。结果表明:随着原料中焚烧飞灰比例增加,陶粒的筒压强度降低、吸水率升高,污染底泥与焚烧飞灰的合适配比为4:1,焙烧温度在1 100~1 150℃时陶粒内部微孔聚集,在1 200℃时陶粒出现大量玻璃相,陶粒焙烧温度宜控制在1 150℃左右;在最佳条件下烧制陶粒的筒压强度为4.56 MPa、吸水率为15.3%,堆积密度为735 kg/m3;陶粒中重金属残留率除了Zn外均随焙烧温度升高而下降,重金属浸出比例随着烧结温度的增加而降低,同时渗沥浓度都有一定程度降低,浸出浓度均达到相关标准。烧制的陶粒有作为铺路、堤坝建材骨料使用的潜力。     

铁尾矿烧制陶粒及其性能的研究

本实验以铁尾矿为原料,粉煤灰、城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为添加剂,进行烧制建筑陶粒的研究。考察了物料配比和烧结工艺(烧结温度和烧结时间)对陶粒性能的影响。以陶粒吸水率和堆积密度为评价指标确定最佳配比和烧结工艺。研究表明铁尾矿、粉煤灰、污泥的最佳配比为:铁尾矿40.3%,粉煤灰44.7%,污泥15%。在最佳烧结工艺下,可以烧制出满足国家标准(GB/T 17431.1-1998)的700级轻粗集料。实验还研究了陶粒在不同浸取条件(水平振荡法、TCLP毒性浸出法)下的重金属浸出性能。结果表明:在两种不同浸出条件下,只有Cu、Zn和Pb能够检出而且其浸出浓度非常低。XRD结果表明,烧结过程中出现了硅酸盐类新物质。     

超临界CO2处理含氰废水初步研究

超临界ＣＯ２能萃取出含氰废水中的ＣＮ＾－，萃取物在压力降低时释放出来，释放物用饱和ＦｅＣｌ２溶液吸收稳定。萃取的最佳条件是：压力为１０ＭＰａ－１５ＭＰａ，温度为３０－５０℃，时间为２０ｍｉｎ－３０ｍｉｎ。     

采用污水厂污泥制陶粒的烧结工艺及配方研究

对污水厂污泥“干化-烧结”制陶粒的烧结工艺和物料配方进行了研究,分析了不同烧结工艺条件对陶粒产品强度、吸水率和密度等性能指标的影响.结果表明,烧结温度对陶粒性能影响最大,而由于污泥本身熔点低,具有助熔作用,适宜的烧结温度与配方中污泥掺加量密切相关.最佳污泥烧制陶粒工艺条件为,污泥最大掺加量80%,350℃预热20min,1060℃烧结15min.     

淮南选矸电解生产Al-Si-Ti合金的研究

对淮南煤矸石低温焙烧酸浸脱杂并电解生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金进行了研究。结果表明，采用工艺生产Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｔｉ合金切实可行，关键在煤矸石中杂质的脱除，焙烧温度是影响脱杂的主要因素。在３００－４５０℃之间能取得最佳脱杂效果，其杂质问题由１０％左右降低到１．５％以下；脱杂煤矸石在温度为１０００℃左右、阴阳极电流密度分别 为０．７和１．０Ａ／ｃｍ＾２电解条件下能被还原并共同沉积形成合金，所得合金化学组成符     

聚乙烯塑料粝固体废弃物热裂化研究

在反应温度４５５－４９５℃，氢气压力０．１－４．０ＭＰａ和反应时间２－１２ｈ的范围内，就聚乙烯塑料类固体废弃物热裂化时温度，压力和反应时间的影响以及不同反应条件下产物的碳数分布，馏程变化进行了探讨，得出适合于生产柴油馏分的反应条件是温度４７５℃，常压或低压，反应时间４ｈ等。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.