歪长石巨晶成因观点综述

在世界范围内,许多地区已经报导了有长石巨晶产出。其中,歪长石巨晶占多数。七十年代以来,歪长石巨晶引起普遍注意。许多学者试图说明歪长石巨晶的成因,以及歪长石巨晶与寄主碱性玄武岩的关系,提出了不同的成因解释,以期进一步探讨碱性玄武岩的成因及演化规律。     

浙闽新生代玄武岩的岩石成因学与Cpx矿物化学

本文对浙闽新生代玄武岩的时空分布．地幔特征．构造环境及演化过程进行了研究。并对与Cpx矿物化学有关的岩浆来源、演化深度．真假压力效应．玄武岩的系列划分．Ⅰ型包体中Cpx与金伯利岩中Cpx的区别等问题进行了分析。     

江苏盱眙凹凸棒石粘土含矿层的岩石地球化学研究

玄武岩岩石学、岩石地球化学研究表明，盱眙地区晚第三纪玄武岩为大陆碱性橄榄玄武岩，为具有相似的上地幔岩浆源区多期次喷发旋回的产物；玄武岩岩石化学成分表现出与区域相反的变化趋势，即由钙碱性向碱钙性方向演化。玄武岩的风化作用过程分两个阶段进行，风化作用晚期发生蒙脱石的凹凸律石粘土化转变。     

宁蒗地区铜厂河铜矿控矿条件与热液成矿模式探讨

宁蒗地区铜厂河铜矿系喜山期隐伏斑岩体外接触带玄武岩系热液型铜矿床 ,其主要含矿、赋矿层位为上二叠统玄武岩组 (P2 β)与黑泥哨组 (P2h)玄武岩系 ,主干控矿构造为南北向断裂体系。矿区NWW向F1断裂为阻矿构造 ,铜矿化均产于其下盘 (南盘 ) ;NE向F2 、F3 断裂将本区分成三个不同矿化特征的矿段。通过对矿区铜矿的碳、氧、硫等稳定同位素和包裹体分析及成矿热液演化特征探讨 ,建立了铜厂河铜矿热液成矿模式     

加拉帕戈斯扩张中心的洋中脊玄武岩:岩浆房的直接探测器

<正> 引言 加拉帕戈斯扩张中心是一条位于东太平洋赤道正北、从西经83°延伸到西经101°的洋中脊。该洋中脊中心部分(靠近加拉帕戈斯群岛)比该洋中脊两端浅(水深分别为1500m和2800—3300m),该中心的玄武岩在化学成分上与洋中脊较深部分的玄武岩形成鲜明的对比。例如,中心部分的玄武岩富含少量元素钾和轻稀土元素La和Sm,人们把这些差别归因     

北冰洋南森-加克尔洋脊具科马提岩-拉斑玄武岩趋势的鬣刺玄武岩

在ARK Ⅳ/3(1987)航次期间,在南森-加克尔洋脊(NGR)采集了火山岩样品。该洋脊是一个缓慢扩张(半速率约为0.5cm)的洋脊,其轴深超过5000m。NGR是迄今为止扩张最慢且最深的洋中脊,根据采样位置距轴谷的距离,计算出所研究岩石的年龄约为600ka。 根据岩相学和地球化学特征,即(?)刺结构、mg>70和MgO>9wt％,把该火山岩称为科马提质玄武岩。科马提质玄武岩中玄武岩纽分的暗色球状微滴,被认为是不完全岩浆混合作用的反映。该科马提质玄武岩的玄武岩端员能较好地用根据稀土元素、Ti和不相容微量元素得出NGR的玄武岩的富集特征来解释。 根据Nd同位素数据和高的Sm/Nd比值,地幔交代作用[即脉状(veined)地幔模式]可能是造成NGR科马提质玄武岩的源区富集不相容元素的原因。     

Re-Os同位素体系在地球科学中的应用

在汇总本世纪六十年代以来国际上Re Os同位素地质学主要文献的基础上 ,概括总结了Re Os同位素地质学几十年来的研究成果。系统地介绍了Re Os同位素体系在地质年代学和示踪研究方面的应用。阐明了Re Os地质年代学的定年原理、实验技术、优势 ,以及应注意的问题 ;归纳总结了Re Os在陨石、大陆壳和地幔等不同储库中的丰度、分布及演化特征 ;回顾了近年来Re Os同位素体系在陆壳演化、洋岛玄武岩和地幔羽成因及陨石撞击等示踪研究方面的工作和进展。     

玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料导热系数调控

目的 明确玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料导热系数的影响因素和规律,并制备出超低导热系数的玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料.方法 以超细玄武岩纤维针刺毡为增强体,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,采用酸/碱两步法和超临界干燥制备玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料,研究玄武岩纤维质量配比、玄武岩纤维针刺毡针刺密度、玄武岩纤维隔热复合材料名义厚度对玄武岩纤维...     

东南沿海中生代安山岩的地质意义

在中国东部大陆边缘中生代火山岩带中 ,东南沿海火山岩岩性岩相出露最全 ,火山地质调查研究程度较高。以往的研究主要集中于大面积酸性火山岩和与之共生的玄武岩 ,而对安山岩注意不够。作为过渡性岩类 ,安山岩的成因研究对于探讨中生代火山岩带物质来源、岩浆分异演化、大地构造背景等具有不可替代的作用。近年来在东南沿海新生代玄武岩中陆续发现了一些基性麻粒岩包体 ,为研究底侵作用与壳幔作用过程提供了珍贵的实物材料。结合基性麻粒岩包体的研究 ,进行系统的安山岩成因研究 ,对于研究中生代火山岩带成因、进而探讨东部大陆边缘形成演化动力学过程 ,具有重要意义     

中国东部玄武岩地区母岩及土壤元素含量变化规律研究

本文通过对中国东部玄武岩地区１４个土壤剖面，７０个土壤样品的数据分析，总结了该地区土壤元素含量值的区域差异。与世界土壤相比，该地区土壤中大部分元素含量偏高。元素相互之间存在着较好的相关性，且大部分达到极显著水平。本文指出在玄武岩上的种类土壤中，由于由此向南风化及成土过程的加强，许多微量元素含量伴随氧化铁富集而增加的规律。还讨论了土壤元素含量的高低及变化规律的影响因素。     

黄渤海辽宁省海湾的环境现状及其评价

以1987～1990年海湾环境调查资料为基础,探讨了位起东部北黄海的青堆子湾(东经123°25′05E,北纬39°45′50″N)．,西止渤海的锦州湾(东经121°04′55″E,北纬40°47′22″N)的辽宁省共13个海湾水质、底质和生物中化学要素含量分布,得到广诸海湾污染程度是:除污染物锅外,重金属为底质＞生物＞水质;系统阐述了各海湾的环境质量现状及化学要素的超标情况,为今后选划各湾的适养区,治理环境污染提供了科学依据。      

氧化沟水力特性对处理效果和能耗的影响

氧化沟水力特性对沟内溶解氧浓度和混合液流速梯度分布影响很大,可对最终的处理效果和能耗产生重要的影响.以处理能力500 m³/d的单沟型Passver氧化沟为例,对沟内的流场分布进行了计算模拟与实测,提出了改善氧化沟水力特性的措施,并分析了改善措施对运行能耗的影响,结果表明,在曝气转刷下游的弯道处分别设置张角90°,150°,180°的导流墙均可降低局部阻力,且随着张角的增大,效果越为显著,当张角为180°时,可降低局部能耗10%左右;在转刷转速72 r/min的条件下,增设张角180°的导流墙不会对溶解氧的分布产生较大影响.根据氧化沟处理低浓度生活污水的实际运行结果,采用活性污泥模拟软件对水力特性改善前后的处理效果进行了模拟计算,结果表明,设置导流墙前后出水水质变化不大.     

南海ODP1144孔微玻璃陨石物理化学性质及母源物质的复杂性

ODP 184航次 114 4孔位于南海北部陆缘 (2 0°3.18′N ,117°2 5 .14′E ,水深 2 0 37m) ,在岩心样品中发现的微玻璃陨石主要赋存于 386 .17～ 386 .2 7mcd处 ,这些玻璃陨石主要以球形和椭球形为主 ,可见泪滴状、马鞍形、扁豆形、圆盘形、哑铃形、翼形、异形等形态和不规则状碎片。通过微玻璃陨石主量元素电子探针分析 ,并用Harker图解讨论了主量元素氧化物之间的相关性 ,同时结合Niggli参数进一步深入探讨微玻璃陨石的母源物质特征。研究结果表明 ,ODP114 4孔微玻璃陨石属于澳亚散落区内的普通型微玻璃陨石 ,其母源物质成分复杂 ,可能有两种或两种以上的物质组成 ,一种可能是化学成分没有太大变化的碎屑沉积岩 ,另一种可能是粘土及杂砂岩等。     

An assessment of carbon stock for various land use system in Aravally mountains, Western India

Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries is of the central importance in efforts to combat climate change. A study was conducted to measure carbon stocks in various land-use systems including forms and reliably estimates the impact of land use on carbon (C) stocks in the forest of Rajasthan, western India (23°3′–30°12′N longitude and 69°30′–78°17′E). 22.8% of India is forested and 0.04% is the deforestation rate of India. In Indian forest sector of western India of Aravally mountain range covered large area of deciduous forest and it’s very helpful in carbon sequestration at global level. The carbon stocks of forest, plantation (reforestation) and agricultural land in aboveground, soil organic and fine root within forest were estimated through field data collection. Results revealed that the amount of total carbon stock of forests (533.64?±?37.54 Mg·ha^?1, simplified expression of Mg (carbon) ·ha^?1) was significantly greater (P?<?0.05) than the plantation (324.37?±?15.0 Mg·ha^?1) and the agricultural land (120.50?±?2.17 Mg·ha^?1). Soil organic carbon in the forests (172.84?±?3.78 Mg·ha^?1) was also significantly greater (P?<?0.05) than the plantation (153.20?±?7.48 Mg·ha^?1) and the agricultural land (108.71?±?1.68 Mg·ha^?1). The differences in carbon stocks across land-use types are the primary consequence of variations in the vegetation biomass and the soil organic matter. Fine root carbon was a small fraction of carbon stocks in all land-use types. Most of the soil organic carbon and fine root carbon content was found in the upper 30-cm layer and decreased with soil depth. The aboveground carbon (ABGC): soil organic carbon (SOC): fine root carbon ratios (FRC), was 8:4:1, 4:5:1, and 3:37:1 for the forest, plantation and agricultural land, respectively. These results indicate that a relatively large proportion of the C loss is due to forest conversion to agricultural land.     

Deactivation of Cu-SAPO-34 by urea-related deposits at low temperatures and the regeneration

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) with urea catalyzed by Cu-SAPO-34 is an effective method to eliminate NO_x from diesel exhaust. However, urea-related deposits may form during cold-start and urban driving due to low exhaust temperatures. The activity of CuSAPO-34 at 175°C is significantly degraded by urea exposure, and 300°C is required for regeneration. Through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) and temperature-programmed hydrolysis studies, the dominant stable deposit at 175°C is identified as biuret, which can be eliminated at 300°C. The urea-derived deactivation and regeneration mechanisms of Cu-SAPO-34 were compared with those of anatase-supported catalysts.     

Effectiveness of the strategies to combat land degradation and drought

This paper focuses on the determination of the most effective set of mitigation and adaptation strategies applied to combat land degradation and drought in a latitudinal gradient. This study was carried out in Chile, in a latitude gradient between 17° 30′S and 36° 33′S. The northern regions are mostly formed by desert and dry land, which can be considered as marginal areas for agriculture. On the other hand, the area formed by the southern regions has an industrialized agriculture where an increased use of technology takes place and where the climate and water availability are optimal for the development of agriculture. The period considered in this study was between 2000 and 2007. We calculated an Investment Effectiveness Index. Afterwards, and in order to assess the effectiveness of the financial support, we performed multiple regressions (P?≤?0.05), where the Index was considered as the independent variable, and the annual difference of the area affected by a high risk of desertification was considered as the dependent variable. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of the different set of the strategies applied to fight against desertification and drought varies in a latitudinal gradient. Thus, in arid and hyper arid areas the promotion of modern irrigation systems seems to be effective in combating desertification, while in Mediterranean climates the reforestation strategies seem to play an important role. Our results suggest that in areas heavily degraded by overgrazing, the most effective strategies are those oriented to obtain a permanent vegetation cover on degraded soils.     

Trophic interactions of the endangered Southern river otter (Lontra provocax) in a Chilean Ramsar wetland inferred from prey sampling, fecal analysis, and stable isotopes

Non-invasive methodological approaches are highly recommended and commonly used to study the feeding ecology of elusive and threatened mammals. In this study, we use multiple lines of evidence to assess the feeding strategies of the endangered Southern river otter, by determining seasonal prey availability (electrofishing), analysis of undigested prey remains (spraints), and the use of stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) in otter spraints (n?=?262) and prey in a wetland ecosystem of southern Chile (39°49′S, 73°15′W). Fecal and isotopic analyses suggest that the otter diet is restricted to a few prey items, particularly the less-mobile, bottom-living, and larger prey such as crayfish (Samastacus spinifrons, 86.11 %) and crabs (Aegla spp., 32.45 %), supplemented opportunistically by cyprinids (Cyprinus carpio, 9.55 %) and catfish (Diplomystes camposensis, 5.66 %). The results suggest that the river otter is highly specialized in bottom foraging. Isotopic signatures of food sources and feces revealed a mid-upper trophic position for the Southern river otter, with either higher or lower δ¹⁵N values than their potential prey items. δ¹³C values for river otters were less enriched than their potential food resources. We suggest that due to their narrow trophic niche and possible dependence on only a few food items, this species may be highly vulnerable to the reduction in its prey populations. Finally, maintaining the ecological interactions between Southern river otters and their prey is considered a central priority for the survival of this endangered carnivore mammal.     

The response of a mid- and high latitude peat bog to predicted climate change: methane production in a 12-month peat incubation

There are fears that global warming will lead to degradation of peatlands, higher emissions of greenhouse gases from peat, and accelerated warming. Anaerobic decomposition of organic soils produces methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas. Two peat bogs differing in mean annual temperature, Velke Darko (VD, Czech Republic, 7.2 °C), and Stor Åmyran (SA, Sweden, 4.0 °C), were selected for a comparative study of how organic soils in different climatic zones will respond to warmer and drier conditions. Twenty peat cores from each bog were incubated in growth chambers. Under present-day summer conditions, VD produced 14 times more CH₄ than SA. Two different warming scenarios were used. Peat-core replicates were kept at temperatures of 11 versus 16 °C, and 11 versus 22 °C. From 11 to 16 °C, the CH₄ production slightly decreased at SA, and slightly increased at VD. From 11 to 22 °C, the CH₄ production increased 9 times at SA, but slightly decreased at VD. After an 8-month incubation, peat cores under drying conditions (water table at ?14 cm) were compared to samples with original water table (?2 cm). Drying conditions led to a steeper reduction in CH₄ production at VD, compared to SA. The CH₄ production decreased more than 100 times at VD. Then, the combined effect of simultaneous warming and drying at 11 and 22 °C was studied. We did not find any significant effect of interactions between increasing temperature and decreasing water table level. Overall, the warmer site VD responded more strongly to the simulated climate change than the colder site SA.     

Temperature Dependent Depuration of Norovirus GII and Tulane Virus from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Raw oysters are considered a culinary delicacy but are frequently the culprit in food-borne norovirus (NoV) infections. As commercial depuration procedures are currently unable to efficiently eliminate NoV from oysters, an optimisation of the process should be considered. This study addresses the ability of elevated water temperatures to enhance the elimination of NoV and Tulane virus (TuV) from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Both viruses were experimentally bioaccumulated in oysters, which were thereafter depurated at 12 °C and 17 °C for 4 weeks. Infectious TuV and viral RNA were monitored weekly for 28 days by TCID₅₀ and (PMAxx-) RT-qPCR, respectively. TuV RNA was more persistent than NoV and decreased by?<?0.5 log₁₀ after 14 days, while NoV reductions were already?>?1.0 log₁₀ at this time. For RT-qPCR there was no detectable benefit of elevated water temperatures or PMAxx for either virus (p?>?0.05). TuV TCID₅₀ decreased steadily, and reductions were significantly different between the two temperatures (p?<?0.001). This was most evident on days 14 and 21 when reductions at 17 °C were 1.3–1.7 log₁₀ higher than at 12 °C. After 3 weeks, reductions?>?3.0 log₁₀ were observed at 17 °C, while at 12 °C reductions did not exceed 1.9 log₁₀. The length of depuration also had an influence on virus numbers. TuV reductions increased from?<?1.0 log₁₀ after seven days to?>?4.0 log₁₀ after 4 weeks. This implies that an extension of the depuration period to more than seven days, possibly in combination with elevated water temperatures, may be beneficial for the inactivation and removal of viral pathogens.

     

Resistance of the grain mite Acarus siro L. (Acarina,Acaridae) to unfavourable physical conditions beyond the limits of its development

The resistance of the grain mite Acarus siro to unfavourable physical conditions was studied to determine how long some members of a population might survive so that development and increase could continue if conditions became favourable. Preliminary experiments showed that: (i) the eggs formed the most resistant stage, both to extreme temperatures and to desiccation; (ii) the most resistant eggs were those in an early stage of development, and that resistance declined with age; and (iii) environmental conditions prior to oviposition influenced resistance, resistance being greater in eggs from populations reared at near threshold conditions than in those reared at ecologically more favourable temperatures and humidities.Experiments with eggs exposed to lethal high and low temperatures and to both favourable and desiccating humidities show that above 30°C and below 0°C, relative humidity ceased to affect survival, the eggs being killed by heat or cold before the effects of desiccation became important. Eggs were fairly susceptible to high temperatures; none survived longer than 10 h at 35°C or 35 min at 40°C. They showed greater tolerance to low temperatures, surviving up to a maximum of 12–14 days at ?10°C and 24–26 days at ?5°C. At 0°C, the maximum survival period varied from 80 days at 20% RH to 180 days at 90% RH. For eggs exposed at temperatures within the developmental temperature range to relative humidities from 20 to 50%, survival appeared to be directly related to humidity and inversely to temperature, maximum survival periods ranging from 20 days (20% RH) to 45 days (50% RH) at 5°C, and from 1 day (20% RH) to 3 days (50% RH) at 30°C.