Accumulation of heavy metals in two crop seeds due to soil contamination as determined by neutron activation analysis techniques

ＡｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｉｎｔｗｏｃｒｏｐｓｅｄｓｄｕｅｔｏｓｏｉｌｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｎｅｕｔｒｏｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓＭ．Ｆ．ＡｂｄｅｌＳａｂｏｕｒＳ...     

无机-有机混合改良剂对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应

本研究首先通过土壤培养实验,研究了在"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施不同无机磷、不同有机物对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的改良效果,从中筛选4个最佳改良剂配方,并设置两种改良剂浓度梯度,以空心菜为供试植物进行盆栽实验.土壤培养实验显示,在施加"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施有机肥或(和)无机磷能够进一步提高土壤pH,降低土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量;蘑菇渣和猪粪对土壤中4种重金属的固化效果优于鸡粪,钙镁磷肥的效果优于羟基磷灰石和磷矿粉.盆栽实验发现,8种处理均显著增加了土壤pH和降低了Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量,其中,处理H1、H2、H4(即在4 g·kg~(-1)沸石+2 g·kg~(-1)石灰石+3 g·kg~(-1)钙镁磷肥(磷矿粉)基础上,配施4 g·kg~(-1)有机物(猪粪或蘑菇渣))改良土壤后,空心菜生长健康,其地上部Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量均可达到食品卫生标准.比较土壤中重金属的化学形态,改良剂可能通过增加土壤pH及与重金属发生沉吸、附淀、络合等一系列反应,促进重金属由可交换态向铁锰氧化物结合态转换,从而显著降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性和减少空心菜对重金属的吸收.     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属及酶活性的影响

改良物质添加在改善土壤理化性质的同时也可能会导致土壤重金属累积.实验设置了对照（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）共6个处理方式,研究不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属和土壤酶活性的影响,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,与CK处理相比,不同处理下土壤Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb含量呈现上升趋势,其中SM+OM和PAM+OM处理分别对Cr和Cu含量的影响最为显著,而BM+OM处理对Ni和Pb含量影响最为显著.与CK处理相比,改良物质添加后土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著上升,其中BM+OM处理效果最好;碱性磷酸酶活性呈现上升趋势,但上升程度较小;过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化.冗余分析表明前两轴累积可解释酶活性变异特征的70.3%,单一重金属对土壤酶活性影响的重要性大小依次为：Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.     

Field-scale modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils amended with urban waste composts

Composting has emerged as a valuable route for the disposal of urban waste, with the prospect of applying composts on arable fields as organic amendments. Proper management of urban waste composts (UWC) requires a capacity to predict their impacts on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the field, an issue in which simulation models are expected to play a prominent role.Here, we used a deterministic soil-crop model to simulate C–N dynamics in an arable field amended with three types of UWC (green waste and sludge, biodegradable waste, and solid waste), and a reference amendment (farmyard manure). The model is a version of CERES in which the soil C–N module was substituted with the NCSOIL model, whose microbiological parameters were determined from either laboratory incubation data or biochemical fractionation in a previous paper. CERES was tested against data from a field trial set up in 1998 in the Paris area, and managed as a maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation. Comparison of observed and simulated data over the first 4 years of the field trial showed that CERES predicted the soil moisture and inorganic N dynamics reasonably well, as well as the variations in soil organic C. In particular, the parameterization of UWC organic matter from biochemical fractions achieved a similar fit as the parameterization based on incubation data. Wheat yields were also correctly predicted, but a systematic under-estimation of maize yields pointed at an under-estimation of spring and summer mineralization of N by CERES.Simulated N fluxes showed that the organic amendments induced an additional leaching ranging from 1 to 8 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, which can be related to the initial mineral N content of the amendments. After 4 years, the composts had mineralized 3–8% of their initial organic N content, depending on their stability. Composts with slower N release had higher N availability for the crops. CERES could thus be used to aid in selecting the timing of compost application, in relation to its stability, based on both environmental and agronomical criteria.     

Bioamendment of petroleum contaminated ultisol: effect on oil content, heavy metals and pH of tropical soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｓｔｓｏｉｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｅｖｅｒａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓａｃｔｉｎｇｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ .Ｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｈａｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄａｍａｊｏｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .ＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｏｉｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｉｎＮｉｇｅ…     

A field experiment investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil from Murcia (Spain)

The transfer of heavy metals from the former sites of mining activity in La Unión (Murcia) to the nearby agricultural soils is a serious environmental risk. The effect of two organic wastes, used as soil amendments, on the bioavailability of heavy metals in an agricultural soil and on their accumulation in Beta vulgaris L. var. Nomonta and Beta maritima L. was studied in a field experiment. The soil was a calcareous Xeric Torriorthent and the total metal levels were (mg kg⁻¹): 2706 Zn, 3235 Pb, 39 Cu. The treatments were: fresh cow manure, olive husk and inorganic fertiliser as a control. Two successive crops (B. vulgaris and B. maritima) were grown. The soil was sampled before each planting and after each harvest. B. vulgaris behaved as a metal indicator plant, as its concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn and Pb) in all treatments reflected the extractable soil levels. The high concentrations of metals, especially Pb (5.1–16.8 times the EU limit for plant foodstuffs), revealed a health risk for human and livestock due to the spread of the metal pollution from mining sites to agricultural areas. Cow manure did not alter the DTPA-extractable concentrations of metals in the soil or their absorption by plants in comparison with the control. But olive husk favoured solubility of metals in soils and their accumulation in plants, due to the reduction of Mn oxides during degradation of phenolic compounds. So, this material could be a useful amendment for phytoextraction of metals by accumulator species, while manure can be very useful for phytostabilisation.     

市政污泥堆肥对矿山废弃地生态恢复影响的研究进展

市政污泥作为城市污水处理过程中的副产物,含有大量的有机质和丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养物质,经堆肥处理后可用作矿山废弃地生态恢复的土壤改良基质.已有实验室模拟和场地规模研究结果表明,污泥堆肥的施用可同步实现矿山废弃地土壤基本理化性质改善、土壤微生物数量和代谢活性提高、植被的快速生长和生态功能的快速重建.污泥堆肥所含的氮、磷、有机质和重金属,在降雨渗流、微生物和植物根系的共同作用下淋溶进入水体或被植物富集,已有淋滤柱试验和短期植物种植研究结果表明,矿山有短期的二次污染风险,但风险可控.国外污泥/污泥堆肥用于矿山生态修复的案例证明,市政污泥经稳定化处理可促进矿山生态恢复,形成有效碳汇,而长期生态影响未来需要开展不同地域的场地跟踪监测并进行系统定量评估,从而进一步探讨该技术路线的可行性和安全性,同步实现市政污泥处理处置和矿山废弃地生态修复的双重目标,这也将成为未来评估市政污泥堆肥用于矿山生态恢复可行性的重要研究方向.      

生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷有效性的影响

生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生有机酸类物质,这些酸性物质对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解能力.本研究在生活垃圾堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,系统探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化及堆肥产品对磷素有效性的影响.研究表明,速效磷在堆肥中后期达到最大值,并在堆肥的后期相对稳定,堆肥结束后,扣除磷矿粉本身含有的速效磷对堆肥的影响,与不加磷矿粉堆肥相比,P₁、P₂堆肥处理方式速效磷含量增加值分别为0.87 g·kg^-1、0.76 g·kg^-1.电镜观察表明,堆肥结束后,磷矿粉表面棱角消失,呈蜂窝状.堆肥产品培肥后,富磷垃圾肥在作物生育期内,土壤速效磷含量、酸性磷酸酶活性均高于垃圾肥、腐熟鸡粪及化肥.     

Effects of organic-waste compost addition on sesame growth, yield and chemical composition

The agronomic aspects of some organic waste compost applications to sesame plants grown on sandy soil were investigated. Different rates and combinations from biosolids (BS), municipal solid waste (MSW) and water hyacinth (W) compost, incorporated with or without shale deposits (tafla) at 8%, were used to treat the sandy soil. Dry matter accumulation was used as an indicator of the effectiveness of such treatments on plant growth. In addition, the contents of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, chlorophyll, total protein, oil and carbohydrates were determined in plant tissue as physiological parameters. Heavy metal contents (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb) in seeds samples were determined. Results indicated that all compost treatments stimulated sesame growth and enhanced its pigment, carbohydrate and mineral contents. While the chemical constituents of sesame seeds (oil, carbohydrate and total protein) showed no variation when expressed as relative data (%), the absolute results expressed as gram per plant exhibited significant increases. The maximum levels (μg g⁻¹) of tested metals in seeds did not exceed 226 Fe, 12.5 Mn, 81. 7 Zn, 23.7 Cu, 3.8 Co, 24.6 Ni, 5.4 Pb and 1.72 Cd, which are below the reported concentrations at which phytotoxicity could occur.     

Restoring the plant productivity of heavy metal-contaminated soil using phosphate sludge, marble waste, and beneficial microorganisms

Assisted natural remediation (ANR) has been highlighted as a promising, less expensive, and environmentally friendly solution to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals. We tested the effects of three amendments (10% compost, C; 5 or 15% phosphate sludge, PS5 and PS15; and 5 or 15% marble waste, MW5 and MW15) in combination with microorganism inoculation (rhizobacteria consortium alone, mycorrhizae alone, and the two in-combination) on alfalfa in contaminated soil. Plant concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb were measured, along with proline and malondialdehyde production. The microbiological and physicochemical properties of the mining soil were evaluated. Application of the amendments allowed germination and promoted growth. Inoculation with the rhizobacteria consortium and/or mycorrhizae stimulated plant growth. PS and MW stimulated the production of proline. Inoculation of alfalfa with the rhizobacteria-mycorrhizae mixture and the application of MW allowed the safe cultivation of the legume, as shown by the low concentrations of metals in plant shoots. Zn and Pb concentrations were below the limits recommended for animal grazing and accumulated essentially in roots. Soil analyses showed the positive effect of the amendments on the soil physicochemical properties. All treatments increased soil pH (around 7), total organic carbon, and assimilable phosphorus content. Notably, an important decrease in soluble heavy metals concentrations was observed. Overall, our findings revealed that the applied treatments reduced the risk of metal-polluted soils limiting plant growth. The ANR has great potential for success in the restoration of polymetallic and acidic mining soils using the interaction between alfalfa, microorganisms, and organo-mineral amendments.     

接种白腐真菌堆肥处理含Pb垃圾

选取未污染土壤、家庭厨余、稻草、麸皮加入Pb(NO3)2溶液配成模拟含高浓度Pb垃圾,采用接种白腐菌堆制处理和不接菌堆制处理2种方法分别进行室内模拟堆制.通过监测理化因子(pH、挥发性固体、水溶性有机碳/有机氮、木质素、粗纤维)与生化因子(呼吸量、微生物生物量碳)以及生物毒性分析因子(种子发芽指数、重金属含量)随时间的变化,系统地研究了重金属对垃圾堆肥过程的影响和白腐菌堆肥处理重金属污染垃圾的可行性.结果表明,接种白腐菌处理Pb污染垃圾的堆肥过程能顺利进行,较好地减弱了Pb的迁移性从而降低其生物有效性,降低了堆肥潜在的重金属危害性.此堆肥工艺下,堆肥成品pH为7.9,水溶性C/N达4.01,挥发性固体含量降至36.1%,木质素余量22.4 g,粗纤维余量30.1 g;且堆肥中Pb主要以残留态存在,约为63.38%,水溶交换态Pb含量则降至0%,种子发芽指数高达121%.     

基于文献计量学的2001—2020堆肥臭气研究进展

堆肥是有机固废资源化利用的重要方式,而堆肥过程中产生的组分复杂的恶臭气体,限制了该技术的发展与推广应用。为了解堆肥臭气控制领域的研究趋势与重点,通过CiteSpace软件对CNKI和Web of ScienceTM核心合集数据库中2001—2020年共20年关于堆肥臭气研究的文献进行可视化分析。结果表明:近20年以来,堆肥臭气控制领域的发文量呈增长势态。核心研究团队为中国农业大学李国学团队。研究热点主要关注畜禽粪便、污泥、厨余等富含蛋白质或碳水化合物等易产生臭气的堆肥物料,氨气和挥发性有机物等臭气种类,添加外源调理剂、生物作用等除臭手段。食物垃圾堆肥产生的臭气治理,微生物作用下的臭气减排作用机理,以及臭气、重金属与抗生素抗性基因等多种性质污染物间的协同控制可作为未来的研究前沿。综上,堆肥臭气研究领域正处于活跃的发展状态,未来的研究视角也将更为多样化。     

Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash

Chemical speciation is a significant factor that govems the toxicity and mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Sequential extraction procedure is applied to fractionate heavy metals( Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Cr) into five defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, Fe-Mn oxide, organic, and residual fractions. The mobility of heavy metals is also investigated with the aid of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. In the fly ash sample, Pb is primarily presented in the carbonate (51%) and exchangeable(20% ) fractions; Cd and Zn mainly exist as the exchangeable(83% and 49% respectively) ; Cu is mostly contained in the last three fractions(totally 87% ) ; and Cr is mainly contained in the residual fraction(62% ). Pb, Zn and Cd showed the high mobility in the investigation, thus might be of risk to the natural environment when municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash is landfilled or reutilized.     

垃圾焚烧灰性质分析及控制方法

随着焚烧技术在垃圾处理方式中普遍采用,焚烧产生的灰渣数量也日益增加。灰渣与飞灰中有毒的重金属及有机物质会污染土壤与地下水,对人类健康造成极大的影响。本文对各类垃圾焚烧灰渣的物理化学性质及重金属浸出特性进行了详细的阐述,介绍了灰渣的毒性分析与控制方法。通过分析可知:为了避免灰渣二次污染应该重点控制铬、镉、铍、铅等重金属和二恶英、呋喃等有机物的污染;处置后的灰渣有害离子浸出能力降低,根据灰渣物理和工程性质,可以成为再生资源充当填充材料和混凝土与沥青路面骨料等。     

城市功能对贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布的影响

将贵阳市城区土壤按照不同功能区取样分析,研究贵阳市城区多种土地利用功能下土壤重金属累积(污染)程度及分异特征。结果表明:贵阳市城区校园土壤As(21.8mg/kg)、Ni(47.1mg/kg)和Pb(139mg/kg)含量最高,工业区土壤Cd(1.48mg/kg)和Zn(314mg/kg)含量最高,垃圾中转站土壤Cu(115mg/kg)含量最高,工业区、学校、垃圾中转站和交通十字路口土壤重金属累积较重,并已达到轻度污染,住宅、公园和广场土壤重金属累积程度较轻,处于清洁水平。工业区土壤主要污染金属为Cd、Zn和Pb,学校、交通路口土壤主要污染元素是Pb和Cd,垃圾中转站土壤主要污染元素是Cd和Zn。贵阳市城区土壤Cd、Zn和Pb受人类活动影响较大,其中土地利用功能导致贵阳市城区土壤Pb的分异程度最大。     

污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

改良剂对Cu、Cd污染土壤重金属形态转化的影响

采用室内培养的方法,比较石灰、钙镁磷肥、硅肥、紫云英、猪粪和泥炭等几种改良剂作用下Cu、Cd污染酸性水稻土中不同形态重金属的动态变化.结果表明,土壤添加石灰、钙镁磷肥、硅肥、紫云英和猪粪培养120d期间,土壤pH值呈现先增加至最大值而后缓慢降低的趋势,但均高于对照,而添加泥炭后土壤pH值略有下降.各改良剂的使用均显著降低了土壤水溶态和交换态Cu、Cd含量,且在培养期间呈现先逐渐降低至最小值而后再增加的趋势.相关分析结果表明,土壤水溶态和交换态Cu、Cd含量与土壤pH值之间均存在极显著的负相关关系.土壤添加改良剂后碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cu、Cd含量均有不同幅度的增加,说明改良剂的应用能够使土壤重金属由有效态向某些潜在有效态或无效态转变,从而达到修复重金属污染土壤的目的.     

Insights into metals in individual fine particles from municipal solid waste using synchrotron radiation-based micro-analytical techniques

Excessive inter-contamination with heavy metals hampers the application of biological treatment products derived from mixed or mechanically-sorted municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, we investigated fine particles of < 2 mm, which are small fractions in MSW but constitute a significant component of the total heavy metal content, using bulk detection techniques. A total of 17 individual fine particles were evaluated using synchrotron radiation-based micro-X-ray fluorescence and micro-X-ray diffraction. We also discussed the association, speciation and source apportionment of heavy metals. Metals were found to exist in a diffuse distribution with heterogeneous intensities and intense hot-spots of < 10 μm within the fine particles. Zn-Cu, Pb-Fe and Fe-Mn-Cr had significant correlations in terms of spatial distribution. The overlapped enrichment, spatial association, and the mineral phases of metals revealed the potential sources of fine particles from size-reduced waste fractions (such as scraps of organic wastes or ceramics) or from the importation of other particles. The diverse sources of heavy metal pollutants within the fine particles suggested that separate collection and treatment of the biodegradable waste fraction (such as food waste) is a preferable means of facilitating the beneficial utilization of the stabilized products.     

广东大宝山多金属污染排土场耐性植物与改良剂稳定修复研究

通过在广东大宝山多金属污染排土场种植重金属耐性作物红麻、苎麻,辅以石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭的土壤改良,研究不同植物稳定修复模式下植物的生长状况、土壤pH与重金属含量、径流液产生与理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:改良剂处理有效促进红麻、苎麻生长,提高株高、根长和生物量,有助于排土场土壤的植被恢复.石灰与有机肥、生物炭的施加可以改善土壤酸性环境,将土壤pH由酸性显著提高至中性,降低土壤重金属生物有效性,且生物炭的作用更显著;随着红麻、苎麻稳定修复时间的增加,土壤重金属有效态含量呈一定程度下降趋势.植物的定植和土壤改良还可以减少地表径流的产生;提高径流液pH,但pH会随着修复时间的增加而下降;径流液中溶解态和悬浮态重金属含量均在植物稳定修复过程中得到降低,土壤中重金属污染物的扩散迁移得到有效控制.