聚乙烯醇系水面溢油凝油剂的制备与性能

聚乙烯酸与氯乙酸在一定比例的乙醇-碱水溶剂中部分羧甲基醚化,再在低温碱性水溶液中,用高级脂肪酰氯部分酯化,合成羧甲基聚乙烯醇脂肪酸酯．进一步与铝盐作用,制备水面浇油换油剂．实验结果表明,该凝油剂对燃料油及原油的凝油速度快、凝油彻底,凝油块可用丝网捞出,水面无油花遗留．进一步研究表明,凝油剂的凝油性能与聚乙烯醇的羧甲基取代度和酯化度有关,与脂肪酸的链长有关．     

离子型水面溢油凝油剂的制备与性能研究

以壳聚糖、十四酰氯、氯乙酸为主要原料,合成了一种离子型壳聚糖水面溢油凝油剂,并用IR对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:当壳聚糖:十四碳脂肪酸酰氯:氯乙酸的摩尔比为11∶.51∶.5时,得到的凝油剂具有较好的凝油性能和较强的适应性,用于水面柴油、机油、苯、二甲苯的回收处理,不但回收处理效果好,而且基本不受水盐度的影响。     

FOA水面浮油凝集剂的研制与应用

本文报导了新型凝油剂—ＦＯＡ水面浮油凝集剂的研制及应用．经实验室、污水池、珠江河面上换油试验表明：ＦＯＡ具有把好的凝油性能．它可以凝集各种水面浮油．同时价格较便宜，使用方便，对水生生物无毒性，因此是一种值得推广使用的新型凝油剂．     

山梨醇系凝油剂合成及其在溢油处理中的应用

本文报导了山梨醇系凝油剂合成及其在溢油处理中的应用。经试验表明：山梨醇系凝油剂是处理溢油有效的化学药剂，它既可以处理重质油，也可以处理轻质油。尤其是在处理轻质油中它具有凝油速度快，用量少等特点，因此，在轻质油泄漏突发事故更可以考虑使用，以控制油污染，防止火灾发生，达到保护环境的目的。     

山梨醇型凝油剂的制备与性能

介绍了山梨醇型凝油剂的制备方法，以及其胶凝轻质渍及类油物质的性质。结果表明，此类凝油剂对汽油，柴油，机油以及基苯及苯系有机溶剂等的去除率达９０％以上。经生物毒性试验表明，不会对水中鱼类产生毒性效应，凝油后油凝体硬度可达３．９×１０＾４－９．８×１０＾４Ｐａ。可用于各种轻质油及类油物质泄漏等突发性事故的应急处理。     

海上溢油回收凝油剂研究进展

频繁的溢油事故会对海洋生态环境造成严重的污染,使用凝油剂（OGA）是一种优良的溢油回收方式。本文分析了凝油剂的发展历程,根据结构组成对凝油剂进行分类,此外,针对凝油剂的有效性问题,分析了一系列有效性评价实验与凝油回收技术,为建立科学合理的评价指标提供了参考方案。在凝油材料研究进展方面,列举相选择性有机胶凝剂、多孔基有机胶凝剂与实际溢油凝油材料的研究现状,明确了可降解天然吸附材料或凝油剂研究与应用的发展趋势。最后,从凝油剂的经济成本和应用技术出发,阐释了当前凝油剂的发展难点与下一步工作的研究重点。     

水面溢油集油剂研究--天然混合羧酸系列集油剂

利用天然混合羧酸与聚氧丙烯醚以适当比例混合，以乙醇为溶剂制得新型集油剂，燃点８８．７℃，对于柴油、原油膜有优良的集油性能。ＱＳ＝１集油剂在５５ｃｍ长的水槽中，使水面柴油膜收缩距离达４４．０～５０．８ｃｍ，维持时间大于６ｈ；ＱＳ－２集油剂使原油膜面积收缩率７４．３％～７６．５％，维持时间大于１６ｈ。该集油剂在０～４０００ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３浓度下，不影响小球藻和小新月菱形藻生长。该集油剂在４级海况条件下仍     

881-吸油剂在沪研制成功

由上海市环境保护科学研究所研制的881-吸油剂,于1991年7月12日,在该所通过了鉴定。 881-吸油剂,以膨胀珍珠岩为基质,经改性处理后,表面形成一层亲油的聚硅氧炕膜。因而,881-吸油剂具有良好的吸油性能(每克可吸附5克油),同时又保留了基体的物理特性。 881-吸油剂,是一种质轻的吸油新材料,其价格便宜,使用方便,吸油的速度也快,可单独用于含油废水的常规处理,也可与其它方法配合,用于处理复杂的含     

海洋污染及其防治

1996,(1)一73~83环信P一30 全世界每年流入海洋的石油多达数百万吨。石油在海洋环境中有三种存在形式:1.漂浮在海面的油膜;2.溶解分散态,包括溶解和乳化状态;3.凝聚态的残余物,包括海面漂浮的焦油球以及在沉积物中的残余物。溢油处理及回收技术有:一、物理处理法:1.清污船;2.围油栏邓.吸油材料;4.磁性分离。二、化学处理法:1.浮化分散剂,2.集油剂,3.凝油剂。三、生物处理法。在海上发生溢油后,首先应撒布聚油剂,然后用围栏拦截,再使用机械回收装置。对厚度为。.3~。.05厘米的液态油可用凝油剂使之固化,再用网袋回收。油层厚度在。.05厘米以…     

中孔纤维超滤自动处理油剂废水

用中孔纤维超滤器,自动操作及清洗,处理涤纶一厂短丝油剂废水,截留率大于85％,超滤浓缩的油剂回用作为实验厂再纺纤维上油,成品纤维质量达到原油剂纤维产品指标。该工艺路线既能处理废水减少环境污染,又能变废为宝,具有明显的经济效益、社会效益、环境效益。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.