区域水污染物排放总量控制系统的理论模式

引言随着我国经济建设迅猛发展和人民生活水平的逐步提高,向河流等水域排放的污染物量日益增多。对造成水环境质量破坏、恶化趋势的污染物,推行从单一排放口的污染物浓度控制逐步过渡到污染物排放的总量控制,已被明确地制订在我国《环境保护技术政策要点》和《关于防治水污染技术政策的规定》中。1988年3月,国家环保局关于以总量控制为核心的《水污染排放许可证管理暂     

深化重点流域水污染防治保障水环境安全——访环境保护部污染防治司副司长凌江

“十二五”期间,重点流域水污染防治要以改善重点流域及近岸海域水环境质量、维护人民群众身体健康、保障水环境安全为目标,以流域一控制区一控制单元三级分区体系为框架,以水功能区限制纳污红线为依据,以污染物总量减排为抓手,以规划项目为依托,以政策措施为保障,综合运用工程、技术、生态的方法,实施重点流域水污染综合防治战略,努力恢复江河湖泊的生机和活力,促进流域经济社会的可持续发展。     

中国流域水环境污染综合防治战略

目前我国流域水污染控制压力巨大,如何采取科学有效的污染防治战略是关键.对我国流域水环境污染与防治现状进行了深入评估,分析了造成水环境污染和环境保护滞后的主要原因.当前我国水污染防治缺乏流域尺度的综合防治理念指导,表现为污染控制指标单一、水环境特征区域差异不清、基准标准体系不够健全以及水环境保护与社会经济未能实现协调发展等问题.针对上述问题,提出了我国流域水环境污染防治的"分类、分区、分级、分期"控制原则,阐述了各类控制原则的具体内容,为国家流域水污染防治策略科学制定提供技术支持.     

流域水污染防治若干重大环境经济政策分析

水污染防治工作一直是中国环保工作的重中之重,为加强水污染防治工作,改善水环境质量,国家、各级地方政府和有关企业都付出了艰辛努力,并投入大量资金开展水污染防治工作,COD总量减排工作取得突破性进展,2007年全国COD排放总量较去年下降了3.2%,城市生活污水处理率达到49.1%,部分水体的水环境质量有所改善.最近,环境保护部在山东济宁召开"重点流域水污染防治工作会议",总结重点流域开展水污染防治工作情况,全面部署重点流域水污染防治规划的实施工作.     

《内蒙古自治区环境保护“十二五”规划》水和大气环境保护工作任务初步探究

围绕《内蒙古自治区环境保护"十二五"规划》初步拟定的"以改善质量为目标,以削减总量为手段,以防范风险为实务"的总体思路,在水环境方面初步提出:①以人为本,防治饮用水源地的环境污染,确保群众的饮用水安全;②突出河流休养生息理念,继续推进重点流域的水污染防治;③继续强化水污染物排放总量控制,降低污染负荷;④加强污水处理设施监管,严格控制水污染物超标排放;⑤创新水环境管理思路的主要工作任务。大气环境方面初步提出:①继续加强大气污染物排放控制;②逐步控制温室气体排放;③加强区域性大气污染控制;④继续加强工业大气污染源防治的主要工作任务。通过对水和大气两大环境因素的主要工作任务进行初步探究,对"十二五"规划的总体编制具有重要意义。     

总量控制模式转型期阿什河排污削减规划研究

经过"十一五"和"十二五"期间的污染减排行动,我国河流污染总量控制处于目标总量控制向容量总量控制的转型阶段。有必要在前期减排的基础上,面向水质目标管理,进行基于流域容量总量控制的排污新规划。这对于污染较为严重的城市内河尤为重要。该研究以松花江流域阿什河支流的综合治理为背景,按照水功能区划分的水质目标,采用WASP模型对阿什河下游哈尔滨段的动态COD纳污能力进行核算,并提出下一阶段污染负荷削减目标。计算结果表明:在90%水文设计保证率下,还需要削减约1万t/a的COD排放量,才能使目标区域安全的控制在Ⅳ类水体。该研究为政府部门执行《水污染防治行动规划》("水十条")提供了技术手段和政策建议参考。     

水污染控制指标交易市场的工作原理

为提高区域总量控制管理系统的效率,提供我国实施排污许可证有偿转让政策的理论依据,设计给出了两种水污染控制指标转让的交易市场模型并讨论其工作原理。     

文成县水污染防治研究

本文以2014年文成县水环境质量状况为基础,分析了文成县"十二五"水污染防治成效及"十三五"水污染防治主要任务和措施。     

我国水污染防治的政策与措施重点及几点建议

目前，水污染防治的重点是饮用水源保护，“三河三湖”的污染治理；水污染防治的一个难点是造纸工业的污染控制；水污染防治的主要任务是工业污染控制和城市污水处理；同时应注重水资源开发利用对水环境的影响。本文围绕以上几个方面水污染防治政策和措施的实践进行了简要评述，提出了一些意见和建议，主要包括：确立以容量总量控制为基础的排污许可制度为水污染防治的主要政策措施；加大投入，因地制宜建设城市污水处理设施；高度重视饮用水源的保护工作；正确处理好造纸工业发展与水污染防治的关系；正确处理水资源开发利用与水环境保护的关系。     

我国目前土壤污染治理工作的进展情况

正进入二十一世纪以来,随着我国土壤污染问题日益凸显,土壤环境安全问题引起社会广泛关注。党和国家高度重视土壤环境保护工作,将土壤污染防治工作提上议事日程,放在与大气、水污染防治同等重要的位置,全面推进土壤污染防治工作。"十一五"期间,环境保护部组织开展了全国土壤污染状况调查,启动了土壤环境质量标准修订工作。"十二五"期间,出台了一系列土壤污染防治政策文件,加快推进土壤污染防治立法,制订实施了重金属综合防治规划,启     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.