浅析吉林省“十三五”环境保护规划总体思路

"十三五"时期是我国全面建成小康社会的最后五年,同时也是生态环境保护适应新形势、实现与全面建成小康社会同步的关键五年,吉林省的环境保护工作将面临巨大的挑战。从战略高度研究提出"十三五"环境保护规划总体思路,可为科学编制吉林省"十三五"环境保护规划奠定坚实的技术基础。     

广西"十三五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系研究

生态环境保护目标指标是环境保护和生态建设规划中的核心内容,制定科学合理的规划指标体系,能够确保规划各项重点任务顺利实施.通过回顾分析"十一五"、"十二五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系,结合广西环境现状和发展趋势,在与国家和广西同期规划、计划、方案等衔接基础上,研究提出广西"十三五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系,设置了环境质量改善、总量控制、污染治理、风险防范、生态保护和生态公共服务等6个方面共29个指标,以期更好地指导"十三五"环境保护和生态建设工作.     

VOCs治理破冰前行

<正>从2010年5月至今,短短六年多的时间里,国家相关部门就出台了十几项法规政策,防控VOCs污染。从"十二五"到"十三五",VOCs治理政策体系经历了一个从无到有的过程。"十三五"规划更是首次将VOCs纳入总量控制指标,在总量控制标准的强制约束下,VOCs治理成为各地大气污染防治的重点工作之一。     

“十三五”挥发性有机物总量控制情景分析

总量控制制度是一种行之有效的污染控制手段,我国从2016年开始对挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)进行总量控制.采用"排放因子法"和"回归分析法",估算和预测我国2015年和2020年人为源VOCs排放量,结果表明,2015年我国人为源VOCs排放量约为3 111.70万t;2020年基准情景VOCs排放量预计为4 173.72万t,相比于2015年增长了34.13%.根据"十三五规划纲要"中的减排要求,全国2020年VOCs总量控制目标为2015年排放量的90%,即2 800.53万t,"十三五"期间,全国至少需减少排放1 373.19万t的VOCs.在此基础上,以2015年为基准年、2020年为目标年,通过情景分析法,设置我国"十三五"期间可能推行的3种总量控制情景:重点区域全面推进VOCs减排、重点行业全面推进VOCs减排、重点区域重点行业推进VOCs减排,并对每种情景下的控制总量进行分配.结果表明,3种情景的减排潜力与削减任务均存在一定的缺口,实现"十三五"总量减排目标难度大,需要加大VOCs污染控制力度.     

昌平区"十三五"环境保护发展思路与对策研究

对昌平区环境质量现状及"十三五"时期环境保护形势进行了剖析,综合考虑昌平区现存主要环境问题,提出了"十三五"环境保护发展思路及对策建议,为昌平区"十三五"环境保护规划的编制提供前瞻性、针对性和导向性指导建议.具体发展思路及对策建议包括:(1)以控制PM2.5为重点,大力开展大气污染治理;(2)以整治恶臭水体为重点,持续改善水环境质量;(3)进一步推进总量控制与减排;(4)加快制度建设和政策创新;(5)全面推进生态文明建设;(6)加强环保能力建设.     

创新节能科技 绿色能源消费

当前,国家正在制定"十三五"能源规划,能源规划或呈现两大特点,即发电端优化产业、地域布局,用能端节能优先、控制能源消费总量。只有科技创新推动技术进步,提高能源利用效率,做好节能工作,才能推动能源总量低水平增加以支撑经济高速增长。     

吉林:规划建设多座生物质热电联产电站

<正>"十三五"期间,吉林省共规划生物质热电联产电站75座,总装机容量2227兆瓦。其中,核准在建生物质热电联产电站13座,规划装机容量420MW;规划拟新建生物质热电联产电站62座,规划装机容量1807MW。"十三五"期间,吉林拟规划新建生物质气化电站15座,总装机容量237.28MW。规划项目全部建成后,年可节     

浅谈中山市“十三五”主要污染物排放总量控制工作规划编制思路

中山市"十三五"主要污染物排放总量控制工作规目标确定和任务落实兼顾需求和实际可能,将新增量作为考虑的关键条件,遵循技术可达可控、政策措施可行、经济可承受的原则,对中山市污染物的排放情况、主要行业的治理情况进行全面的了解和掌握,对总量控制基数、新增量进行科学准确的计算,对于减排的任务进行具体的划分,将其落实到区镇、行业、项目,确定科学合理的工作目标,抓住工作关键点,将具体的责任落实到位,实行严格化的考核,通过规划编制进一步推动中山市"十三五"污染减排工作。     

区域大气环境容量及其区域配置研究

以重庆市涪陵区为例,在了解区域大气环境功能区划及区域大气环境质量现状的前提下,采用A-P值法,对涪陵区十三五期间大气环境容量进行研究,并对辖区内的污染负荷进行预测,在此基础上,对大气污染总量控制指标进行分配.研究结果表明,在涪陵区化工园区的二氧化硫排放量已达到或超过总量控制指标,需要制定削减计划,新兴工业园区污染物排放量虽远小于总量控制指标,但根据城市发展规划需进行结构优化与合理布局.     

成都市龙泉驿区“十三五”期间主要污染物排放总量控制思路及对策

本文通过分析龙泉驿区"十二五"期间总量减排工作取得的成绩和存在的问题,提出龙泉驿区"十三五"主要污染物排放总量控制思路及对策,具体从推行总量前置、试行排污权交易、加大减排项目实施力度、多元化环保投资机制等四个方面推进总量减排工作的深入实施。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.