我国辐射环境监测快速发展中遇到的问题、困难及对策

本文概述了全国辐射环境监测网络的建设及现状情况,梳理了辐射环境监测国控网空气自动监测站、陆地辐射监测点、水体国控监测断面、饮用水源地、地下水监测点、海水监测点、土壤监测点、电磁辐射监测点以及国家重点监管民用核设施监督性监测的设置规模,分析了辐射环境自动监测站、核电厂外围辐射环境监督性监测、核应急监测、辐射监测仪器设备国产化、部分省市委托监测等方面工作上存在的一些技术问题及困难,并针对问题和困难提出了相应的对策措施建议。     

事件

正我国初步建成辐射环境监测网"十二五"期间,我国辐射环境监测网络系统初步建成,国控质量监测点位由792个增加到987个。其中自动监测站从136个增加到161个,辐射环境安全预警监测点由27个增加至40个。同时,还在全国38座重要核设施附近建设监督性监测系统。粤重金属排放8年来大幅下降     

浅谈核电厂辐射监测系统的特点与发展趋势

随着科学技术的发展,人们对辐射安全的要求越来越高。核电厂辐射监测系统的运行成为人们最为关注的问题之一。辐射系统是对企业工作人员及人民辐射安全的保障,也是当今需要研究的技术。本文从每一代电厂辐射监测系统的特点来进行分析,论述了监测系统的构架体系、报警技术及监测技术等,为辐射监测系统的设计与新设备的研发提供了一定的参考。     

我国辐射环境自动监测系统建设的回顾与展望

辐射环境自动监测是我国辐射环境监测工作的重要内容,是核与辐射安全监管工作的重要手段.本文回顾了“十一五”以来,我国辐射环境自动监测系统建设的进展情况和在核与辐射监管工作中所发挥的作用,总结了辐射环境自动监测系统的建设和运行经验,并对今后的工作进行了展望,提出了完善系统建设和运行的合理化建议.研究指出,作为国家辐射环境监测网的重要组成部分,辐射环境自动监测系统初步具备了对我国省会城市和主要地级城市的辐射环境质量状况的实时监测能力.但由于我国辐射环境自动监测站于2008年底才开始在全国范围内建设,起步较晚、经验不足,依然存在点位数量和代表性不够、自动化程度不够高、软件系统功能不成熟、标准化和规范化问题比较突出,缺乏质量控制技术、运行维护难度大等问题.为此本文提出：第一,增加自动监测站数量,点位布设更有针对性;第二,增加自动监测站的类型;第三,加强软件系统的分析和控制能力;第四,完善相关标准、技术规范和质保体系;第五,完善运行维护体系;第六,增强国际学习和交流.     

北京市辐射环境自动监测系统研究

辐射环境的自动监测是发展趋势,掌握辐射环境自动监测系统的应用是必不可少的.本文以北京市建设的辐射环境自动监测系统为背景,在介绍该系统的组成和工作原理的基础上,结合多年的运行维护经验,对质量保证措施、数据分析、运行情况以及在辐射环境监测中的作用进行了概述,并对引起γ剂量率变化的几种情况以及系统运行过程中出现的常见故障进行了分析,同时针对多发故障提出了日常运行维护中的注意事项和建议,对辐射环境自动监测系统的运行维护和数据分析可起到一定的借鉴作用.     

"核与辐射"铁军这样炼成

正这是一个优秀的集体,是国内最早成立的省级辐射环境监测机构之一,也是全国第一批四个辐射环境监测达标单位之一,在全国辐射环境质量监测、核电辐射环境监督性监测以及核与辐射事故应急监测领域处于国内引领地位。这是一支一流的铁军,他们政治站位高、责任意识强、业务素质硬,他们兢兢业业为广东牢牢筑起了一道核与辐射环境安全防线,他们勇于创新为核电事业发展提供技术支撑,他们敢于拼搏在重大赛事上屡创佳绩。     

自动监测系统建设应该注意的几个问题

水质自动监测系统由中心站和水质自动监测子站组成,在全国范围内已经得到了广泛的应用。当地环境监测部门有责任对自动监测系统的建设进行参与和监督。本文分别从水质自动监测系统基础建设前期、基础建设时期、系统建设时期、试运行等各个阶段指出了系统建设应注意的问题。     

自动监测系统建设应该注意的几个问题

水质自动监测系统由中心站和水质自动监测子站组成,在全国范围内已经得到了广泛的应用。当地环境监测部门有责任对自动监测系统的建设进行参与和监督。本文分别从水质自动监测系统基础建设前期、基础建设时期、系统建设时期、试运行等各个阶段指出了系统建设应注意的问题。     

秦山核电基地外围环境γ辐射剂量率水平监测回顾

介绍1992年~2012年,对浙江省秦山核电基地外围环境γ辐射剂量率水平的监测结果。1992~2002年秦山核电基地周围环境2.5 km范围内高压电离室连续监测系统测得的环境γ辐射剂量率年均值范围为63~119 n Gy/h,平均值为95 n Gy/h,接近于核电厂运行前的平均本底值(93 n Gy/h)。2002~2012年周围环境5km范围内高压电离室连续监测系统测得的环境γ辐射剂量率年均值范围为90~116n Gy/h,平均值为102 n Gy/h,低于同期杭州对照点监测平均值(107 n Gy/h)。1992~2012年周围环境50 km范围内测得的陆地瞬时环境γ辐射剂量率(已扣除宇宙射线响应值)年均值测量范围为52.7~69.9 n Gy/h,平均值为62.1 n Gy/h,与运行前本底调查值和对照点监测值相比,处于同一水平。     

Mississippi河流域运行核电厂环境影响评估研究

Mississippi河是美国第一大河,流域面积约占美国领土面积的40%,流域内人口占美国人口的37%,沿岸分布了数十个10万以上人口的城市。Mississippi河及其支流的地表水、地下水为流域内居民的饮用水源。该流域也是美国重要的工农业和能源生产基地,对用电量的需求较高。现美国Mississippi河流域内共运行21座核电厂32台机组。通过严格控制液体放射性流出物排放管理和环境辐射监测表明,这些核电厂运行排放的放射性物质对环境和公众的辐射影响是非常小的。通过调研美国核管会(NRC)对流域内申请延寿核电厂的环境影响影响意见书,表明美国认可这些核电厂放射性液态流出物排放的对环境的影响属于小影响。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.