上海市西部郊区PM2.5污染状况及影响因素

通过2014年上海市西部郊区PM2.5的浓度变化分析了该地区的PM2.5污染分布状况,并且从温度、湿度和风向等方面讨论了PM2.5浓度与气象因子的关联性.结果表明:该地区2014全年超标天数有112天,超标率为30.7％,PM2.5月均浓度呈夏低冬高的趋势状态,并且PM2.5浓度与气象条件有密切的联系.该地区气温在5～15℃、湿度在60～70％时PM2.5浓度最高;在以东风为主导风盛行时,该地区PM2.5浓度较低,而在以西风为主导风盛行时,该地区易受到周边区域的高污染因素影响,形成PM2.5高浓度累积现象.     

湖北省PM2.5与PM10比值分析及PM2.5时空分布特征研究

基于2012年-2014年湖北省大气污染物监测数据,通过数据反演方法,得到湖北省17个城市的PM2.5年均浓度.利用ArcGIS绘制出各城市不同年份的颗粒物浓度空间分布图,并对其进行分析.结果表明,2012年-2014年间,湖北省17个城市PM2.5与PM10年均浓度比值为0.66,PM2.5年均浓度超出国家二级标准,整体呈现上升趋势.城市方面,在多数城市PM2.5与PM10浓度上升的同时,仅武汉、黄冈和天门3个城市颗粒物浓度2014年较2013年有所下降,且武汉市PM2.5浓度下降率达12.8%,表明武汉市近两年来采取的政策措施具有较好的可行性和有效性.     

基于GIS的贵州遵义市PM_(2.5)污染时空特征及变化分析

与中国的发达地区相比,针对欠发达地区中小城市PM2.5的研究比较欠缺。收集了2013年12月31日至2014年4月29日的PM2.5日均浓度以及2014年1月7日至2月25日的时均浓度数据,采用GIS和遥感提取土地利用现状和遵义市建成区,结合统计定量分析方法,研究遵义市的PM2.5浓度变化特征及其驱动力。结果表明:1)遵义市PM2.5日均浓度的城乡差异不明显。2)PM2.5浓度具有明显的季节性特征,并呈现显著的降低趋势。3)PM2.5的日变化和人类活动有明显的相关性。4)PM2.5日变化表现出双峰型周期性的变化趋势,在早晨和下午出现浓度低值,并在凌晨和中午出现峰值和次峰值。     

太原采暖季霾和良天气下大气污染物的污染特征分析

为了探讨太原市大气污染物在霾天气下的污染特征,2013年12月至2014年3月对太原市大气污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2、CO和O3)质量浓度进了收集研究。分析结果表明无论是霾还是良天气,PM2.5和PM10的相关性最好,PM2.5与NO2的相关性最差。O3与PM2.5的相关系数均大于0.7,表明O3与PM2.5的形成有着密切的关系。     

2014年成都市PM_(2.5)污染及其与气象要素的关系

为了解2014年成都市PM2.5污染状况及其与近地面气象要素的关系,分析了PM2.5的月平均浓度演变及不同空气质量等级的天数变化,采用SPSS软件对降雨、平均相对湿度、气温、风向和平均气压与PM2.5质量浓度进行Kendall秩次相关分析。结果表明:2014年成都市1—12月PM2.5质量浓度呈"U"形分布,污染最严重在1月,污染程度最小是8月,全年有大半以上天数,空气质量等级为"良~优"。PM2.5质量浓度与各月降雨量,月平均气温存在较高的负相关性;PM2.5质量浓度与风向、平均相对湿度为较低显著性负相关。PM2.5质量浓度与平均气压之间正相关。     

崇明岛地区PM10和PM2.5浓度分析研究

2010年1月上海市政府颁布了《崇明生态岛建设纲要(2010-2020)》,本文从2013年9月1日至2014年8月31日运用颗粒物采集仪器于森林公园、绿华、现代农业园区、城桥四个空气自动监测点位监测PM10和PM2.5,分析PM10和PM2.5的浓度与风向的关系得出PM10和PM2.5污染与江对面的吴淞工业区、宝钢、石洞口电厂、罗店工业区乃至江苏太仓沿江工业区的污染物排放密切相关,在相当大的程度上主要是来自于他们的贡献.     

青岛市李沧区PM10与PM2.5污染变化特征分析研究

利用2014年1月-12月青岛市李沧区大气自动监测点实时发布的监测数据,对PM10和PM2.5的达标情况、变化趋势及其两者之间相关性进行分析.结果表明:青岛市李沧区PM10和PM2.5年均值分别为0.126mg/m3和0.062 mg/m3,均超过二级标准,全年达标天数比例分别为71.8％和72.1％;PM10和PM2.5有明显的季节变化特征,其中春季污染最重,污染日分别占全年的40.8％和44.1％.PM2.5占PM10比例较高,达到48.4％.PM2.5与PM10回归线性较好,y=0.571 2x-0.011 8,R2 =0.901 2;PM2.5和PM10的Pearson相关系数为0.912;PM2.5和PM10日均值呈显著线性相关.     

江苏省2014年上半年颗粒物PM2.5、PM10污染特征分析研究

根据2014年1月1日～6月30日江苏省13地级市监测PM2.5,PM10的数据,分析其污染特征.结果表明:全省PM2.5和PM10污染较严重,全省PM2.5,PM10超标率都分别达到78.33％,66.11％以上,尤其是细颗粒物的污染占主导地位;PM2.5/PM10的比值范围达到0.461 9～0.687 2,全省PM2.5和PM10之间存在显著的线性关系;PM2.5,PM10浓度时空分布特征为PM2.5:1月＞3月＞2月＞5月＞6月＞4月,PM10:1月＞5月＞3月＞6月＞2月＞4月;苏北＞苏中＞苏南.     

绵阳市城区空气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染特征及相关性研究

采用连续自动监测方法于2013年9月至2014年4月对处于四川盆地内的中等城市绵阳市主城区富乐山、市人大、三水厂、高新区4个点进行空气质量监测。监测结果表明:空间分布上PM10和PM2.5污染程度城西工业区最高,市中心其次,森林公园最低。季节变化PM10和PM2.5污染程度为:春季<秋季<冬季。1天内PM10和PM2.5小时均值呈双峰分布。PM10和PM2.5一元线性回归方程为:y=0.7273x-2.9869,回归分析相关性系数为0.94。ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)平均值为0.7,变化范围为0.27~0.93。     

2015年春节北京市空气质量分析

对2015年春节(2月18~24日)期间北京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的浓度及PM2.5组分进行了分析,并基于PM2.5/CO比值法定量估算了除夕夜烟花爆竹PM2.5排放量.结果表明,春节期间北京市PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的平均浓度分别为116.85、184.71、22.14、36.27μg·m-3,比2014年同期分别增长52.61%、92.41%、-40.15%、-0.46%;除夕夜01:00PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2峰值浓度分别为412.69、541.63、152.73、51.09μg·m-3,比2014年同期峰值浓度分别增长19.02%、14.37%、76.57%、11.35%;污染物峰值浓度空间分布上人口密集地区浓度水平明显较高;具有烟花燃放特征的指示性PM2.5组分ρ(Cl-)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Mg2+)峰值浓度分别是2013~2014年各项离子年均浓度的18.85、66.72、70.10倍;烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,除夕夜北京市区烟花爆竹排放PM2.5总量约为2.13×105kg.进一步分析显示春节半月期间污染源排放量大幅降低对北京市空气质量的改善效果明显.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.