锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区昆虫中的重金属

采集葫芦岛草地中14种昆虫（植食性、杂食性、肉食性）及蚯蚓,测定生物体内汞、镉、铅含量,研究生物体内重金属污染情况.植食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.168、 9.19、 12.58 mg·kg^-1;杂食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量分别为0.375、 24.43、 17.71 mg·kg^-1;肉食性昆虫汞、镉、铅平均含量0.928、 29.78、 18.39 mg·kg^-1;蚯蚓平均汞含量为1.923 mg·kg^-1,葫芦岛生物体内重金属污染严重.不同种类昆虫对重金属的富集能力差异较大,蜗牛、蜻蜓对汞的富集能力较高;蜘蛛对镉、铅的富集能力较高.昆虫体内重金属含量顺序为汞<铅<镉.汞、镉、铅含量由低到高的顺序均为植食性昆虫<杂食性昆虫<肉食性肉昆虫,杂食性昆虫与肉食性昆虫平均镉、铅含量之间较为接近.昆虫体内镉、铅含量之间极显著相关,而汞与镉、汞与铅含量之间的相关性较差.表明昆虫体内镉铅具有同一来源,而汞的来源较为复杂.     

宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘铅暴露及评价

城市街道灰尘中重金属铅是血铅的一个重要的潜在污染源,由于校园学生过于集中,校园室内外灰尘的重金属铅对学生身体健康影响尤为严重。本文选择宝鸡市代表性区域的中小学校园,包括市区、郊区城镇、农村及铅锌冶炼厂区域室内外灰尘为研究对象,在对灰尘中铅含量测试的基础上,采用潜在生态危害指数法和地积累指数法对灰尘中铅污染进行对比评价。研究结果表明：宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘重金属铅含量总体均较高,显著高于国内外城市灰尘中铅的含量,是陕西省表层土壤铅背景值（21.4 mg?kg^?1）的10—154倍。除农村灰尘铅含量稍微低一些,其他地区灰尘铅含量均达到陕西表层土壤背景值的30倍以上。市区灰尘的铅含量比十年前的408.41 mg?kg^?1增加了约40%。铅锌冶炼厂周围的灰尘铅含量和前人的研究数据基本持平。两种评价方法显示：宝鸡市中小学校园室内外灰尘中铅污染程度和潜在生态风险均达到严重水平。该研究结果可为区域环境保护、治理及居民健康防护提供科学依据。     

上海城市公园土壤及灰尘中重金属污染特征

对上海城市公园土壤和灰尘重金属含量水平进行了研究,并分析了土壤和灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征,结果表明,公园土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd和Ni的平均含量分别为55.06、198.54、44.57、77.01、0.40和31.17 mg·kg^-1;公园灰尘中重金属含量普遍高于土壤,各元素的平均含量分别为416.63、906.29、235.89、162.59、1.58和92.19 mg·kg^-1;同上海市土壤环境背景值相比,公园土壤（Ni除外）和灰尘中重金属元素含量均不同程度超出背景值;内外环线之间公园土壤（Zn除外）和灰尘重金属的平均含量均大于内环线以内公园;在不同的功能区,公园土壤和灰尘重金属的空间分布则无明显的规律性.通过Pearson相关分析和主成分分析,认为人类活动造成了公园土壤和灰尘中重金属的积累,其中最主要的污染源为工业和交通污染.     

锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区木本植物中的汞

研究了葫芦岛市13个不同地点的154个木本植物样品的汞含量.葫芦岛市木本植物受到严重的汞污染.叶汞含量为0.029～2.700 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.182 mg·kg^-1,植物叶汞中的浓度李树＞梨树＞柳树＞杉树＞榆树＞槐树＞丁香＞杨树＞松树＞柏树;茎汞含量为0.009～0.342 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.066 mg·kg^-1.植物树茎、树叶汞含量呈显著正相关,树叶>树茎.植物汞含量与其距离污染源的远近及风向有关,距离污染源越近,植物总汞含量越高.表明大气沉降作用对植物汞的含量有显著的影响,锌冶炼厂是植物汞含量的主要来源.     

湖南典型农田土壤有机碳含量及其演变趋势

以湖南省沅江市(28°42′～29°11′N、112°16′～112°56′E)为代表,通过典型样区密集取样分析和同一区域的历史资料比较,研究了洞庭湖区农业用地土壤有机碳的演变趋势,发现稻田土壤有机碳在最近25a中稳步增加,而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量减少.2004年典型样区土壤有机碳均值为(26.66±4.93)g·kg^-1,主要分布区间为20～35g·kg^-1,比1979提高22.64%;其中耕作制度为双季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的28.12g·kg^-1,年均增加量约313.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.15%);耕作制度为一季稻的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的27.25g·kg^-1,年均增加量约278.3mg·kg^-1(年递增率为1.16%),耕作制度为水旱轮作的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29g·kg^-1提高到了2004年的23.90g·kg^-1,年均增加量约144.5mg·kg^-1(年递增率为0.78%),而改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量,由1979年的20.29 g·kg^-1降低到了2004年的18.40g·kg^-1,年均减少量约75.48mg·kg^-1(年递减率为0.37%).方差分析表明,稻田土壤有机碳的增加达到了极显著水平,改为旱地的土壤有机碳含量的减少未达到了显著水平.表明洞庭湖区不同利用类型的土地均是重要的固碳场所,农业用地的土壤有机碳库是大气CO₂循环的“汇”,而不是“源”.     

贵州汞矿矿区不同位置土壤中总汞和甲基汞污染特征的研究

为了深入理解汞矿矿区土壤中总汞和甲基汞的污染特征,应用AAS、GC-CVAFS方法,分别对贵州万山、务川和滥木厂汞矿矿区不同位置土壤以及对照区土壤中的总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)进行了测定.结果表明,万山汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为1.1～790 mg·kg^-1和0.19～15μg·kg^-1,务川汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.33～317mg·kg^-1和0.41～20μg·kg^-1,滥木厂汞矿区土壤THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.41～610 mg·kg^-1和0.70～8.8μg·kg^-1.对照区土壤汞含量明显低于矿区土壤,其THg和MeHg含量范围分别为0.14～1.2 mg·kg^-1和0.09～0.23μg·kg^-1;对照区土壤THg含量接近或稍高于全球背景土壤THg含量0.01～0.5 mg·kg^-1.研究表明,汞矿区稻田土壤具有较强的汞甲基化能力,其MeHg含量明显高于菜地和旱田土壤;万山汞矿区土壤汞污染程度明显高于滥木厂和务川汞矿区土壤汞污染.     

锡矿山矿区食物中的锑污染及生物可给性研究

在湖南锡矿山锑矿区采集蔬菜类、主食类、肉类、蛋类等9种食物. 结果表明蔬菜类Sb浓度平均值为9.67 mg·kg^-1,主食类及肉类的Sb含量较低,平均浓度分别为0.025 mg·kg^-1和0.40 mg·kg^-1. 胃肠模拟法测得的Sb生物可给性为9.0%~57.7%,其中蔬菜中Sb生物可给性显著低于主食类及肉类. 生物可给性与食物中Fe含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,p=0.02),还与食物的植酸、草酸含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.95,p=0.01;r=-0.77,p=0.016). 根据锡矿山周边居民各类膳食的摄入量进行健康风险评估,以食物中的Sb总浓度计算暴露风险时,居民每日经由食物摄入的Sb总量达10227.01 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,经生物可给性矫正后下降为1807.02 ng·kg^-1·d^-1,但仍高于USEPA建议的400 ng·kg^-1·d^-1的参考剂量. 说明矿区经由Sb污染食物暴露依然存在健康风险,且考虑生物可给性对准确评价暴露风险至关重要.     

底泥不同预处理对潜在活性磷形成及释放的抑制作用

以校园河流底泥为材料,研究了不同预处理(底泥曝气、水曝气)对底泥中潜在活性磷的形成及释放的抑制作用.结果表明,底泥曝气对上覆水中的磷向底泥迁移的促进作用明显优于水曝气.底泥经不同预处理后,磷的释放量明显降低.与未处理底泥相比,经底泥曝气和水曝气预处理底泥,溶解性磷酸盐释放量分别下降了193.6 mg·kg^-1和44.7 mg·kg^-1,总磷释放量分别下降了334.0 mg·kg^-1和163.8 mg·kg^-1;而对于潜在活性磷而言,前者降低了58.6 mg·kg^-1,后者则增加了167.4 mg·kg^-1.其原因可能是,上覆水中的磷向底泥迁移时,首先形成潜在活性磷,而通过不同的预处理,潜在活性磷向难释放态磷的转化得到了强化.底泥曝气的这种强化作用比水曝气更为明显.     

上海崇明岛蔬菜地土壤重金属含量与生态风险预警评估

崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属的总体含量为Cu 29.2 mg·kg^-1、Pb 26.5 mg·kg^-1、Cr 79.4 mg·kg^-1、Zn 91.2 mg·kg^-1和Cd 0.222 mg·kg^-1.除Cd在城桥镇和陈家镇超过国家土壤一级标准(GB 15618-1995)外,其余均低于国家土壤一级标准,并且满足国家对绿色食品产地土壤重金属含量的要求(NY/T391-2000).与上海土壤背景值相比,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cd分别高出上海土壤背景值 24.3％、24.4％、22.9％、18.8％和65.7％.崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属生态风险预警评估得出,23个采样点中有3个样点属于中警,10个样点属于轻警,8个样点属于预警,1个样点属于无警,综合评估I_{ER＝1.562,为轻警.3城镇生态风险排序为堡镇（IER=1.799）>城桥镇（IER=1.636）>陈家镇（IER=1.368）,均属于轻警.}     

TCLP法评价矿区土壤重金属的生态环境风险

对浙江上虞某铅锌矿区中污染土壤的重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)含量进行分析测定,采用美国最新的法定重金属污染评价方法TCLP(Toxicitycharacteristicleachingprocedure)法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价,以国际规定的TCLP法标准评价重金属生态环境风险.结果表明:土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的有效含量分别在8.2～36mg·kg^-1 、23～143mg·kg^-1 、6.4～1.367mg·kg^-1 和0.41～2.2mg·kg^-1 之间,而与之相对应的国际标准分别为15mg·kg^-1、25mg·kg^-1、5mg·kg^-1 和0.5mg·kg^-1,因此这个矿区附近土壤不同程度地受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的污染,其中以Zn、Pb污染最为严重,其次为Cd ,而Cu的污染程度最轻.此外,用TCLP试剂提取土壤中的重金属后表明,TCLP试剂2能更有效地提取土壤中的重金属,并且两者之间存在一定的正相关.TCLP提取液中的重金属浓度与全量之间存在一定的关系.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.