国外海军舰船装备环境试验军用标准分析

综述了海洋环境对海军舰船装备的影响,阐述了世界主要国家海军舰船装备环境试验标准体系及标准的基本概况,对海军舰船装备冲击与振动试验、电磁环境试验、材料腐蚀和氧化试验等核心标准进行了对比分析。在对国外海军舰船环境试验标准的整体技术水平、优缺点和适用性进行系统分析的基础上,提出了建立和健全我国海军舰船装备环境试验标准体系的几点建议。     

论舰船装备倾斜和摇摆环境适应性与试验

倾斜和摇摆环境对一艘肩负作战任务的舰船来说是一种需经受的常态.由于倾斜和摇摆环境所产生的静态力和动态力会导致舰船装备故障(失效),因此倾斜和摇摆环境适应性是舰船装备必须具备的重要质量特性之一.论述了倾斜和摇摆环境特征,提出了倾斜和摇摆环境严酷度,给出了倾斜和摇摆环境试验方法.     

海军导弹环境试验的风险源辨识分析

目的研究海军导弹环境试验风险辨识问题。方法根据海军导弹装备环境试验流程,针对试验设计、试验实施和试验结果评估等进行风险源辨识分析。结果分析得出了"试验设计—试验实施—试验结果评估"的风险源,并重点针对高温、低温、湿热、盐雾等海军导弹典型环境试验类型进行了风险源辨识分析。结论可为海军导弹装备环境试验风险管理提供技术基础支撑。     

海南湿热海洋大气环境Q235钢腐蚀行为研究及严酷度评估

目的 探究我国典型湿热海洋大气环境特征，以Q235钢为标杆材料，评估并可视化展示海南湿热海洋大气环境严酷度。方法 以海南岛为典型湿热海洋地区，基于分布全岛全域的13个站点开展自然大气环境试验，采集各站点大气环境数据与Q235钢材料性能数据。通过分析表观形貌、腐蚀质量损失等性能，探究Q235钢在海南大气环境的腐蚀行为规律及其在全岛不同区域的腐蚀程度差异。基于大气环境因素与Q235钢腐蚀行为间相关性研究，筛选腐蚀敏感环境因素，构建“腐蚀质量损失-敏感环境因素”映射模型。基于Q235钢海南各地区腐蚀质量损失数据，通过Griddata插值，计算绘制腐蚀质量损失分布地图。结果 掌握了Q235钢在海南各地区腐蚀行为差异，可视化展示了海南大气腐蚀严酷度。结论 影响Q235钢海南地区腐蚀的敏感环境因素为离海距离及湿度大于80%的时间。海南地区沿海岸及东部地区大气环境腐蚀严酷度高，中部及西部地区严酷度低。     

我国湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件研究

目的为我国湿热沿海风电设备的设计、制造、运行维护及标准制定提供参考依据。方法通过对湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件的监测,包括风电机组运行环境温湿度数据、腐蚀数据等,分析湿热沿海地区主要环境因素对风电机组的影响。结果针对我国湿热沿海环境条件提出了关键设备和材料的环境技术要求及试验方法。结论对风电机组面临的环境问题提出相应的改进措施及建议。     

断路器抗冲击性能考核试验时的安装方向选择

舰艇设备的抗冲击能力是其作战性能的重要指标之一,对于其装舰前的冲击试验考核是环境试验的一项重要内容,在无法明确设备在舰上安装方式和方向时,考核应模拟最严酷的工作条件和船上可能使用的安装方法,以船用典型断路器为例,简要描述了冲击条件下最严酷安装状态的分析选择过程,以期作为其它舰用设备冲击考核试验所选试验工况的参考。     

湿热盐雾大气环境典型局部环境监测与防腐对策

目的通过监测得到高湿热、高盐雾的海洋大气环境下不同局部环境的数据,并对不同材质、结构和部件针对性地提出防腐需求。方法开展温度、湿度、盐雾沉降率的监测以及高精度测试片、标准试验件的腐蚀试验,分析1年时间内湿热盐雾海洋大气环境不同工作环境下监测参数的趋势,研究不同局部工作环境下各时间段的腐蚀性,进行环境评估分级。结果海南某濒海区域常年高温、高湿、高盐雾,根据两种试验方法判断,该区域大气腐蚀等级达到了最严酷的等级(CX或GX)。室内大厅和机房环境也是长期高温、高湿,明显可检测到海盐粒子,高精度测试片有腐蚀现象,但与室外严酷环境至少相差1个等级。室内机电控制柜内环境腐蚀等级一般为G1,温度相对较高、湿度相对较低。结论可根据不同使用环境防腐需求制定防护方案,既能满足长期防腐和设备稳定运行的要求,又能避免过度防护,合理有效地利用资源,节约成本。     

舰船设备振动试验方法的探讨

目的探讨舰船设备振动试验中的几个问题并提出解决方法。方法分析GJB 150.16A,GJB4.7—83和MIL-STD-167-1A等振动试验标准,找出其中存在的缺点。阐述实验室模拟与实际环境的差异,提出改进建议。结果 GJB 150.16A中没有明确说明随机部分和正弦部分是单独试验还是叠加试验,GJB 4.7—83和MIL-STD-167-1A中没有给出随机振动的条件,只有正弦振动部分。结论对于标准中存在的缺点,在每个轴向,首先进行一半的功能试验,再进行随机叠加正弦/随机振动,最后进行另一半功能试验。对于实验室模拟与实际环境存在差异的问题,通过采用力谱控制、采用模拟舰船结构的夹具、规定安装方式、对环境条件进行反复迭代等方法改进。     

车用高分子材料不同地区户外曝晒试验相关性研究

目的将3种高分子材料以及3种车用外饰材料分别投放在中国海南琼海和美国佛罗里达州2种典型湿热环境中进行户外曝晒试验,研究气候相似的2种地区的试验相关性。方法通过测试相同时间间隔下不同材料在2处试验场曝晒过程中的黄变程度,表征材料的老化现象。采用斯皮尔曼等级相关系数的统计方法,研究材料在2个地区相同时间节点的试验结果的相关性,并利用时间同轴的作图方法比较2个地区严酷度的差异。结果琼海与佛罗里达州2个地区在各个时间节点的相关系数接近于1,且在材料黄变方面呈现一定比例关系。结论琼海和佛罗里达州2个地区的试验结果呈现出较好的相关性,且严酷度比值约为琼海︰佛罗里达=1︰1.19。     

某产品大气腐蚀环境因素监测与环境数据应用模式研究

目的 对某产品服役环境中的主要腐蚀环境因素进行监测，并挖掘环境数据应用模式，为该产品服役环境的腐蚀条件分析提供数据支撑。方法 根据某产品寿命期环境剖面，对库房、舱室及户外环境中温度、相对湿度、盐雾等主要环境因素进行为期3 a的监测，并从多个方面探讨这3种环境因素的应用模式。结果 针对某产品开展了主要环境因素监测，得到了其在关键服役场所的腐蚀环境数据，监测数据成功应用于该型产品服役环境严酷度分析、实验室环境试验条件设计、维修保障措施拟定等方面。结论 开展某产品关键服役环境下的腐蚀环境因素监测，可支撑该型产品的“环境符合性评估”“大气腐蚀性严酷度评估”“环境控制要求制定”以及“环境试验方法研究”。得到的环境监测数据以及应用案例可供其他类似产品服役环境监测及数据应用提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.