高效好氧反硝化细菌的筛选及脱氮特性的研究

由焦化废水生化处理站曝气池驯化后的活性污泥分离纯化得到三株好氧反硝化细菌,通过脱硝酸盐氮对比实验得到一株高效好氧反硝化细菌F10分别在不同温度(20-40℃)、pH(5.5-8.0)、C/N比(白糖与KNO3质量比1.0-2.0)、焦化废水COD(500-1 000mg/L)稀释液的条件下确定好氧反硝化优势菌脱氮的最佳...     

用预曝气和预沉淀控制活性污泥沉降性能

本文对常规的活性污泥工艺增加一个预曝气和预沉淀步骤作了研究。小试得出了F/M比值(即污泥负荷,译者注)和污泥年龄对污泥沉降性能的关系。在两项试验中,可见工艺的稳定性较之常规有了改善。在较大的F/M比值范围内有着良好的污泥沉降性能。本文还对处理费用作了经济分析。     

F/M对活性污泥微生物生态网络的影响

为深入理解有机负荷率(F/M)对活性污泥(AS)微生物群落的影响,以F/M(以BOD/MLVSS计,下同)设计建议范围0.2～0.5 kg·(kg·d)-1为依据,将采集的AS样品分为3组,运用基于随机矩阵理论(RMT)的网络分析方法,解析了不同F/M条件下的AS微生物生态网络拓扑性质及结构特征.结果表明,较低的F/M...     

荧光法测定悬浮培养藻体叶绿素含量的研究

实验室常采用荧光检测技术实现对藻的定量检测。藻细胞沉降,导致其荧光值受静置时间影响较大,静置1min时,荧光值的衰减率达ΔF/F_0=-9.96%,无法获得准确的藻浓度。因此,本文提出一种藻体样品制备方法,培养过程中添加琼脂粉(0.08~0.10g/100m L)作为藻液悬浮稳定剂。用该方法培养的藻液其悬浮性、稳定性均有明显提高,且静置1h后,ΔF/F_0=-4.82%≤±5%。减少了藻体沉降对测定结果的影响,确保了荧光光度法测定叶绿素含量的准确性。     

汞对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)组织中某些元素含量比的影响

用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪测定了鲤鱼、脑、肝胰脏等器官中元素Na、P、K的含量比与其对汞吸收量之间的关系。结果表明,经高浓度汞(0.1mg/L)处理的鱼体组织中含汞量与Na呈正相关,与P、K呈负相关;经低浓度处理(0.01mg/L),其相关性不明显,但其净效应差值(ΔHg)与各元素含量比有密切关系,即ΔHg=0时比值最高。     

三峡库区典型流域水华暴发评价函数模型研究

藻类在光照充足时将无机磷酸和ADP转化为ATP以储备能量,外部条件改变时,则ATP可逆转换为ADP以释放能量.在此理论框架下根据三峡库区典型流域水华暴发时的现场监测数据研究了绿藻光合磷酸化的活化能ΔE、计算了库区流域中若干水系在不同水文条件下提供的有效能量Δe和综合营养指数TLI(Σ),并以ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)为参数构建了预测和判断不同水域环境中水华是否暴发的水华暴发评价函数F,在考虑外部因素和内部因素对水华暴发影响程度的大量计算和分析的基础上,确定了ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)的相关权重分别为a₁=0.3,a₂=0.3,a₃=0.4.模型计算和实地验证表明:F比单纯的TLI(Σ)作为水华暴发或者水体富营养化的判据更合理,更有说服力和更具普适性.     

水分管理模式与土壤Eh值对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了4种水分管理模式[水稻全生育期湿润灌溉(M)、灌浆期湿润和灌浆期后淹水灌溉(M-F)、灌浆期淹水和灌浆后湿润灌溉(F-M)、全生育期淹水灌溉(F)]对土壤Eh值、Cd生物有效性及对水稻Cd迁移与累积的影响.结果表明土壤Eh值从负值变为正值时,土壤交换态Cd含量先升高后降低.与M处理相比,F-M、M-F、F处理显著降低水稻根、茎叶、谷壳、糙米Cd含量,其中M-F和F处理水稻糙米Cd含量分别为0.19 mg·kg~(-1)和0.10 mg·kg~(-1),均低于国家食品污染物限量0.2 mg·kg~(-1)的标准(GB 2762-2012).与M处理相比,F-M、M-F、F处理显著降低水稻地上部Cd累积量和水稻中Cd的转运系数.水稻地上部分Cd累积量、水稻中Cd的转运系数、水稻糙米Cd含量与土壤Eh值均存在正指数关系.4种水分管理模式中,M-F处理的水稻产量最高.虽然威优46被认为是Cd高累积水稻品种,但是在5 mg·kg~(-1)的Cd污染土壤中进行适当的水分管理,威优46糙米Cd含量也能够达到国家标准.因此,为了保证水稻的食品安全和水稻产量,建议采用M-F处理作为水分管理模式,且灌浆期后的土壤Eh值保持在-160~-130 m V范围.     

湖北省生态环境状况时空变化特征及影响因素分析

以2011-2015年湖北省土地利用类型遥感解译数据及相关水利和环统数据为基础,根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ192-2015),对湖北省近5年来生态环境状况及其变化趋势进行分析;并通过对生态环境状况指数值(EI)与生物丰度指数等5个分指数之间的相关性分析,探究了影响湖北省生态环境状况的主要原因。结果表明:(1)2011-2015年湖北省生态环境状况总体良好,EI值保持在71左右,其中2013年指数值为五年间最低,EI整体上呈"M"型变化趋势。(2)相关性分析表明,湖北省生态环境状况主要受生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数和土地胁迫指数的影响,相关系数分别为0.98、0.86和-0.73,均为显著强相关;而植被覆盖指数和水网密度指数值的变化对ΔEI的影响最大,二者与ΔEI的相关系数分别为0.89和0.71。     

活性污泥丝状菌膨胀的起因分析及控制措施

介绍近年来人们从污泥中新分离鉴定的一些丝状菌,如Herpetosiphon、杆菌属的Mycoides、Eikelboom属中021N、1701、0041和0803型等.曝气池中的泡沫是由放射菌纲的奴卡氏菌属产生的.活性污泥的絮凝体是一种含有蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物和灰分的物质,增加絮凝体数量和大小有利于污泥沉降,而丝状菌菌丝总长度增加则使污泥沉降性能下降.由于保持较高溶解氧浓度(≥2mg/L)和污泥有机负荷(F/M),在曝气池前设置接触混合池、投加氯、间歇式进水等能抑制丝状菌生长,故这些都是消除丝状菌膨胀的有效措施。     

PHB监测A^2/O工艺除磷及负荷率耦合关系的研究

以上海市白龙港城市污水厂初沉池污水为进水,培养驯化污泥并构建A2/O试验系统,监测PHB消耗、生成的动态变化,并分析其与除磷和BOD5负荷率的耦合关系.结果显示,曝气池中PHB的消耗与除磷呈现良好的正相关关系(P<0.05),平均消耗约140 mg左右的PHB可去除1 mg P;厌氧池中PHB的生成与释磷存在着极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),平均释放1.17mg的磷可生成约100 mg的PHB;厌氧池中PHB的含量与系统F/M的正相关性显著(P<0.05),负荷为0.176 g/(g·d)较负荷0.413g/(g·d)下PHB的生成量平均减少约4 ms/g(以MLSS计);PHB的合成与厌氧池中BOD5的去除量的相关性较差(P>0.05),但与温度呈极为显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),温度的升高有助于微生物合成PHB,最高温度(33.2℃)比最低温度(17.1℃)活性污泥中PHB含量约增加5 mgg(以MLSS计),占总量的20%左右.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.