高原高寒地域中重型车辆发动机预热起动辅助装置研究

目的提高中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下的低温起动性能。方法研制一种适应高原高寒地域低温低气压环境的冷却液加热器,加热器将燃油燃烧产生的热量传递给冷却液,通过冷却液的循环对发动机机体进行预热。结果在低温试验室内-41℃常压环境下,使用冷却液加热器预热25 min后起动发动机,一次起动成功。在高原进行环境适应性试验,预热时间在25 min内,发动机一次起动成功。结论发动机预热可有效提高-30^-41℃温度地域的发动机低温起动性能。     

航空发动机成附件橡胶件的“积木式”试验设计

在飞机结构"积木式"试验的基础上,提出了针对航空发动机成附件橡胶件元件级、模拟件级、工装级和系统级试样的四级"积木式"试验.明确了各级试验的试验对象、主要任务、试验目的和基本试验思路.提出了在系统级试验的开展中,保证橡胶件的结构状态、安装状态与实际工作情况一致的方法,以及"工况谱"编制的主要内容.将"积木式"试验流程应用到橡胶材料中,为新型航空发动机成附件橡胶件的设计研制提供帮助.     

醇类汽油车醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放的试验研究

在两辆试验车上分别燃用纯汽油、M15、M30燃料以及纯汽油、E10、E20燃料,进行了常温25℃Ⅰ型、低温-7℃Ⅵ型和Ⅳ型蒸发排放试验.通过FTIR、HPLC、GC-MS等多种方法联合测量了醇类汽油车的醇醛酮、芳香烃和烯烃类排放.结果表明,不论是在常温还是在低温下,随着燃料中醇类比例的增加,未燃甲醇、甲醛、乙醛排放成比例地增加,苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,3-丁二烯和异丁烯排放略有降低.在低温环境温度下,各种非常规污染物的排放明显高于在常温环境温度下.E10、汽油、M15这3种燃料在整个蒸发排放试验过程中的HC排放量相差不大.3种燃料在昼间呼吸试验中的各种非常规污染物蒸发排放差异值较小.     

3号喷气燃料加速老化实验中性能指标变化趋势研究

目的研究作为导弹用涡轮发动机贮存寿命薄弱环节之一的油封燃料的贮存稳定性。方法借鉴国外燃料加速老化试验方法,开展不同状态燃料的加速老化实验。结果掌握了3号喷气燃料加速老化实验中性能指标变化趋势,评价了不同状态的3号喷气燃料的贮存稳定性。结论脱水脱氧喷气燃料的贮存稳定性优于普通喷气燃料,贮存16年后变质仍程度较低。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆蓄电池加热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下蓄电池充放电性能降低,起动电量供应不足的问题。方法采用燃油空气加热器对车用铅酸蓄电池进行加热,同时运用专用保温箱进行保温,保持蓄电池内部温度在正常工作范围,确保其在低温环境下的充放电性能。结果使用蓄电池加热和保温装置,可将蓄电池电解液温度升至常温。在-25℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量65%左右;在-41℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量110%左右。结论蓄电池加热和保温装置可以有效提高其低温环境下充放电性能,使车用蓄电池在低温环境中可以有效提供发动机起动及各种起动辅助装置用电,为高原高寒地域中重型车辆的起动与运行提供有效保障。     

航空发动机复材外涵机匣静热强度试验方法研究

目的 提出一种飞机发动机外涵机匣静热强度考核试验方法,实现对高温环境下机械载荷与气流压力载荷同时作用时外涵机匣的强度考核.方法 以典型外涵机匣模拟件为试验件,利用所设计的试验装置与外涵机匣模拟件合围成一套能够施加温度载荷、机械载荷以及内腔气压载荷的被试结构,在通过温度加载系统、静力加载系统和气压加载系统同时对被试结构模拟飞行过程中的真实工况环境.结果 通过设计的试验能同时施加飞行过程中外涵机匣所承受的主要温度、机械及气流压力载荷.结论 提出的静热强度试验方法,能够充分对航空发动机外涵机匣飞行过程中的综合环境进行地面模拟考核,取代以往金属外涵机匣考核的温度载荷等效方式,可实现对复材外涵机匣工艺件进行考核,为外涵机匣减重设计提供依据.     

通信指挥方舱取暖试验方法优化研究

目的 提高通指车辆低温环境试验效率、缩短试验周期和节约试验成本.方法 采取经验梳理、理论分析、试验验证和数据分析相结合方法,分别绘画出同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中相同时间内的升温曲线.结果 在相同的加热时间内,同一通指车辆方舱在?30、?40℃两个环境中的升温曲线基本吻合.结论 在对暖风机升温性能测试时,可以将GJB 219B—2005《军用通信车通用规范》中规定的方舱取暖测试用环境温度值由?30℃改为?40℃或其他方便测试的温度.     

初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程的影响

为了探索不同初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程和堆肥效率的影响,利用3组卧式可控温堆肥反应器进行了小规模模拟试验.通过测定堆料中水溶性碳氮比、pH值、温度和总有机碳下降率来推断反应进行的程度.试验表明,在堆料初始含水率约55%,水溶性C/N约38∶1,粗灰分质量分数为4%的反应条件下,初始环境温度控制在30℃时,堆料高温期持续时间较短,不能满足堆肥无害化要求;初试环境温度控制在40℃时,能最有效地加快堆料分解时间,缩短堆腐时间,并满足堆肥产品无害化要求;初始环境温度超过50℃,将导致堆肥pH值过低不利于好氧堆肥反应的进行.     

某温湿高度试验箱低温-高度试验温度漂移原因分析与对策

目的针对某国产温湿高度试验箱,给出在低温-高度试验时,温度漂移的解决方法。方法在低温-高度试验时,对温度漂移原因进行研究分析,找出温度漂移的原因,给出了利用箱体微电脑触摸屏编程控制方法与设备控制参数设置的参考数据,找出了解决问题的简单方法。结果在低温(如-55℃)、低气压(如11.9 kPa)阶段,温度波动小于±3℃。结论通过设备控制参数重置,特别是通过一种拟合编程摸底试验,成功地解决了低温-高度试验时温度漂移问题。试验结果满足试验技术条件要求,并且节约了人力物力,为产品的交付使用赢得了时间。     

基于模拟环境的特种车辆热平衡试验研究

对环境模拟试验室进行了技术改造,将设计指标设定为模拟环境温度-43℃,满足功率为400kW车辆的动态热平衡。在环境温度35～55℃时,环境模拟试验室制冷能力有了很大提高,采取适当的试验方法在环境模拟试验室中进行功率400kW以上车辆的热平衡试验,既可以满足国军标中规定的试验条件,又可以发现被试车辆研制过程中存在的问题,为工程设计人员提供了可靠的设计或改进依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.