武汉地区燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏利用前景分析

武汉将在未来3年中完成全市7家电厂的26台约2 500 MW燃煤发电机组的烟气脱硫工程,这同时将产生大量的烟气脱硫副产品-脱硫石膏,处置和利用好脱硫石膏,对武汉市的生态环境保护有着重要的意义.在此,阐述了国内外燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏的特性和利用现状,指出烟气脱硫石膏的资源化利用的循环经济理念,对武汉地区烟气脱硫石膏在建筑建材业、农业等领域的应用前景进行了分析,提出了烟气脱硫石膏的利用建议和措施,并能产生良好的环境、社会和经济效益的前景.     

上海电厂FGD产物循环利用的可行性分析

按照上海市第三轮环保三年行动计划的要求,未来3年,上海电厂烟气脱硫规模已经确定,650.8×10~4kW 装机容量.35台燃煤机组在3年中,将先后安装湿法烟气脱硫装置,届时可减少约(16～20)×10~4t/a的 S0_2排放量,将产生约(54～72)×10~4t 的脱硫石膏。文章分析了上海市电厂烟气脱硫产物在生产石膏、水泥中循环利用的可行性,对上海市未来3年中脱硫产物的循环利用,进行了经济分析,按上海市目前 SO_2排污费0.63元/kg计,若煤含硫量以0.8%、1%计算,预计每年可节省 SO_2排污费用约1.02、1.28亿元:电厂脱硫石膏销售将获得约2160～2880万元/a;上海石膏板或水泥企业利用(54～72)×10~4t/a 的脱硫石膏,可使企业的原料购买成本节约3250～3650万元/a;提出了促进上海市电厂脱硫及其产物应用的建议。     

上海市2006～2008年实施燃煤电厂烟气脱硫的综合经济分析

根据上海市新一轮“环境保护和建设三年行动计划”（2006-2008年）提出的未来3年全市将有11家电厂的35台共约650.8万kW燃煤发电机组实施烟气脱硫的目标，结合上海市实际，建立相关假定条件，并考虑SO2减排的作用及脱硫产物的利用等方面因素，从经济、环境等角度对上海市650.8万kw燃煤发电机组实施湿法烟气脱硫的成本、效益进行了综合分析。结果显示，燃煤电厂烟气脱硫的固定资产投资和运行费用均较大，而脱硫产生的直接经济效益相对较小，其效益更多地体现在无法直接以货币形式衡量的环境效益、社会效益上。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏综合利用途径及潜力探讨

社会生产力在高速发展的过程中,人们对于电的依赖性日益强烈,与此同时,人们对于发电厂的要求也越来越高,特别是燃煤发电厂。在燃煤发电过程中,由于脱硫石膏的综合利用,促使燃煤电厂的经济效益和环境效益将大幅度提高。本文不仅针对燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏的利用进行了全面分析,同时探讨了其所带来的经济效益。     

重庆燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏综合利用前景分析

随着重庆市烟气脱硫工程的推进,必将产生大量的烟气脱硫副产物——脱硫石膏,这些脱硫石膏如不加以处置,不仅占用大量土地,还可能给环境带来二次污染,处置和利用好脱硫石膏,对重庆市的环境尤其是生态环境保护有着重要意义,而且具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。首先阐述了重庆燃煤电厂脱硫石膏的产生、特性及国内外综合利用现状。结合重庆市实际情况,对脱硫石膏在建筑建材业、农业等领域的应用前景进行了分析,并提出了脱硫石膏综合利用的建议。     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氯排放特征

选取我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉进行现场测试,采集并分析烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品,以开展燃煤电厂Cl污染物排放特征的研究.结果表明:燃煤中96.99%以上的Cl析出进入烟气,原烟气中ρ(Cl)范围为10.17~33.63mg/m3.除尘器和石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中的Cl具有协同脱除作用,尤其是石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置.除尘器对烟气中Cl脱除效率为12.29%~19.86%,石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中Cl的平均脱除效率为95.22%.经过燃烧和烟气污染控制装置后,燃煤中0.35%~3.01%的Cl转移到底渣中,6.46%~15.00%的Cl转移到飞灰中,68.88%~77.31%通过脱硫废水排放,9.19%~15.95%的Cl转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.21%~5.54%的Cl排入大气中,净烟气ρ(Cl)仅为0.34~1.38 mg/m3.目前我国燃煤电厂Cl污染的主要问题是妥善处理脱硫石膏和废水,以防止Cl的二次污染.     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氯排放特征

选取我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉进行现场测试,采集并分析烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品,以开展燃煤电厂Cl污染物排放特征的研究. 结果表明:燃煤中96.99%以上的Cl析出进入烟气,原烟气中ρ(Cl)范围为10.17~33.63mg/m3.除尘器和石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中的Cl具有协同脱除作用,尤其是石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置. 除尘器对烟气中Cl脱除效率为12.29%~19.86%,石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中Cl的平均脱除效率为95.22%. 经过燃烧和烟气污染控制装置后,燃煤中0.35%~3.01%的Cl转移到底渣中,6.46%~15.00%的Cl转移到飞灰中,68.88%~77.31%通过脱硫废水排放,9.19%~15.95%的Cl转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.21%~5.54%的Cl排入大气中,净烟气ρ(Cl)仅为0.34~1.38mg/m3. 目前我国燃煤电厂Cl污染的主要问题是妥善处理脱硫石膏和废水,以防止Cl的二次污染.      

脱硫技术在火电厂的应用分析

电厂烟气脱硫技术方法很多,常规燃煤脱硫方法通常分为三种,方法的选择主要取决于锅炉容量、燃烧设备类型、燃料种类、脱硫效率等,同时还须考虑电厂地理位置、副产品的利用等因素。本文介绍了循环流化床锅炉脱硫技术、湿式石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫技术、生石灰-半干法烟气脱硫技术、氨肥法脱硫技术、电子束烟气脱硫技术、NOXSO同时脱硫脱硝技术、SNOXOM脱硫脱硝技术等,分析各种脱硫技术的应用范围、脱硫效率和优缺点等,为火电厂选择燃煤烟气脱硫措施提供了参考依据。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏资源化综合利用研究进展

从建筑建材业,农业及无机纤维新材料开发等方面,阐述了燃煤电厂主导烟气脱硫技术"石灰石-石膏法"产生的脱硫产物--脱硫石膏资源化综合利用的有效途径.指出合理的资源化综合利用脱硫石膏,使之物尽其用,不仅能避免脱硫石膏随便堆放所带来的二次污染,还可以创造出良好的社会效益和经济效益,符合国家的污染物减排目标.     

湿法烟气脱硫系统中影响脱硫效率的关键参数

湿法烟气脱硫作为一种相对成熟、脱硫效率较高的脱硫技术,得到了广泛的应用。结合贵州纳雍电厂4×300MW机组工程烟气脱硫工程,对燃煤电厂湿式石灰石-石膏脱硫系统的各种因素进行了理论分析,设置不同的影响因素,使之达到最佳的脱硫效率。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.