接种丛枝菌根真菌对铁尾矿中大豆生长的影响

采用铁尾矿盆栽的方法对接种菌根真菌的大豆生长、菌根侵染率及尾矿养分变化进行了研究。结果表明,接种菌根真菌可以促进植物对养分的吸收,提高植株生物量,同时可改善尾矿。这2种丛枝菌根与植物间表现出良好的相互依赖性和较高的菌根侵染率,取得了明显生态效应。     

丛枝菌根真菌对稀土尾矿中大豆生长和稀土元素吸收的影响

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌Glomus versiforme对稀土尾矿上大豆(Glycine max)生长、矿质营养吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、重金属和稀土元素吸收的影响,旨在为稀土尾矿废弃地的生态重建和植被恢复提供基础依据.结果表明,AM真菌G.versiforme与大豆成功建立了互惠共生关系,具有较高的菌根侵染率,平均为67%.接种G.versiforme显著增加了大豆植株地上部和根部的干重,显著提高了大豆植株中P和K的含量,降低了C∶N∶P计量比,符合生长速率假设.接种G.versiforme显著降低了大豆地上部Fe和Cr的浓度,增加了根部Cd的浓度,未显著影响其它重金属的浓度;同时,显著降低了大豆植株地上部和根部轻稀土元素La、Ce、Pr和Nd的浓度.试验初步证明AM真菌对于大豆适应稀土尾矿复合逆境,以及在稀土尾矿上重建植被具有潜在的作用,应进一步验证自然条件下AM真菌的作用潜力.     

丛枝菌根真菌和两株细菌对土壤中DEHP降解及绿豆生长的影响

采用绿豆为供试植物,通过温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌与DEHP降解菌对DEHP污染土壤的修复作用以及对植物生长的影响.试验土壤中添加DEHP含量为100mg·kg-1,试验设AM真菌Acaulospora laelis 90034、降解菌Bacillus sp.DW1和Gordonia sp.DH3单独接种以及互相组合的联合接种处理,同时设置不接种的对照处理(CK).苗后60 d收获植株.结果表明,AM真菌能很好的侵染绿豆的根系,菌根侵染提高了绿豆地上部分的干重,而对根系的干重则没有显著的影响;同时菌根侵染也促进了绿豆的P营养.但接种DW1与DH3对菌根侵染率与绿豆生长都没有显著影响.3种菌剂无论是单独或者联合接种都能显著促进土壤中DEHP的降解,3种菌剂同时接种则对DEHP的降解能达到最好的协同作用,同时也减少DEHP在绿豆地上部分的累积,这为DEHP污染农田土壤的植物修复提供了理论依据.     

外加不同铁源和丛枝菌根对砷污染土壤上玉米生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加不同铁源及接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuecular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对高砷污染土壤上玉米生长及其吸收磷、砷、铁、锰、铜和锌的影响.试验结果表明,与对照相比,添加硫酸亚铁并接种AMF显著地提高了土壤有效铁、锰含量,降低了土壤中水溶性砷、磷含量以及玉米地上部砷的含量,并极大地增加了植株对磷的吸收,提高了植株体内磷砷吸收量之比,从而明显地改善了植株的菌根建成和生长状况.在不接种情况下,硫酸亚铁和石灰混合处理显著地降低了土壤水溶性砷、磷含量及根系砷含量,并明显增加了磷的吸收以及磷、砷吸收量的比值,使玉米植株生物量和根长增加的幅度较其它铁源处理时更大.尽管添加铁尾矿砂增加了土壤水溶性磷的含量以及植株磷的吸收而在一定程度上改善了玉米的生长,但这种效果以不接种时更为明显,因而有必要根据土壤的污染程度调整铁尾矿砂的添加量和接种抗性菌株,以强化植物的抗砷能力.     

丛枝菌根真菌在大同矸石山绿化中的应用研究

以大同矿区3个煤矿的矸石山作为实验点,选择火炬树等5种植物以及Glomus mosseae、Glomus intraradices、Glomus versiforme 3种丛枝菌根真菌,在野外自然条件下进行了接种实验,并通过测定植物的菌根侵染率、成活率、叶片相对含水量以及新梢生长量,研究接种菌根与植物的亲和程度以及对植物生长的促进效应。研究数据表明,在大同矸石山上接种的丛枝菌根真菌与植物的亲和程度良好,对植物的成活率、抗旱性以及生长量方面都有显著的促进作用。     

接种菌根对根际微生物群落和磷营养的影响

以白三叶草和紫花苜蓿为供试植物,采用三室装置对不同接种处理的根际土壤微生物数量以及磷营养状况进行了研究.研究结果表明,接种混合茵根真菌的侵染率显著高于其他两种接种单一菌根真菌的处理.接种菌根对植物生长以及根际土壤微生物群落数量的促进作用均较为明显,三种接种处理植物之间的生物量差异不大,接种AM菌根促进了细茵和放线茵数量的增加,对真菌数量略有促进.接种菌根对根际土壤磷吸收有显著的促进作用,有利于植被的生长,为进一步的生态恢复与生物多样性研究奠定理论基础.     

施用沼渣和接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘草生长及矿质营养的影响

沼渣是厌氧发酵的残余物,可作为肥料施用,但因其含有一定量的重金属等有害物质可能导致环境污染风险.丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌作为植物共生真菌,可以促进植物对矿质养分的吸收,同时能够通过不同途径减轻重金属对植物的毒害.本文采用甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)为供试植物开展盆栽试验,考察施用沼渣结合接种AM真菌对甘草生长和矿质营养的影响.试验结果表明,施用沼渣显著促进了植物生长,提高了植物生物量、磷含量和叶片叶绿素含量,与此同时提高了土壤有机质和磷、铬、铜、铅含量,并导致植物重金属含量显著升高.另一方面,AM真菌能够和甘草根系形成良好共生关系,但施用沼渣对菌根侵染表现出显著抑制作用.接种AM真菌促进了甘草生长、提高了根系磷含量及叶片叶绿素含量,同时显著降低了植株重金属含量至安全阈值以内.本试验表明,施用沼渣同时接种AM真菌可在促进甘草生长的同时阻控重金属污染风险,因而可作为沼渣安全利用的一种可行技术途径.     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

不同磷石膏添加量与接种菌根对玉米生长及磷、砷、硫吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了不同磷石膏（PG）添加量（0、20、40g·kg-1）和接种3种丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae（GM）、Glomus aggregatum（GA）、Diversispora spurcum（DS））对玉米生长及其磷、硫、砷吸收的影响.试验结果表明：随磷石膏添加量的提高,土壤有效磷、有效...     

丛枝菌根真菌在矿区生态环境修复中应用及其作用效果

针对煤矿区生态环境修复中存在的主要问题,研究丛枝菌根真菌与紫穗槐共生状况,丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐根系发育的影响及其对煤炭开采塌陷区退化土壤的改良效应.结果表明,接种菌根5个月后,接种丛枝菌根促进紫穗槐地上部分和根系生长,提高了紫穗槐根系侵染率;接种区紫穗槐根际土壤中球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素含量显著增加;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷和有机质含量,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应.接种菌根有利于对矿区根际土壤的改良,促进了矿区生态系统稳定,对维持矿区生态系统的持续性具有重要意义.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the response of growth and nutrient uptake of snap bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.） to O_3

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the responses to elevated O3 in growth and nutrition of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Guangzhouyuan) were investigated. Exposure was conducted in growth chambers by using three O3 concentrations (20 (CF), 80 (CFO1) and 120 nL/L (CFO2); 8 hr/day for 75 days). Results showed that elevated O3 slightly impacted overall mycorrhizal colonization, but significantly decreased the proportional frequency of hypha and increased the proportional frequency of spores and vesicles, suggesting that O3 had significant effects on mycorrhizal structure. Elevated O3 significantly decreased yield, dry mass and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. However, significant interactive effects were found in most variables due to that the reduction by O3 in the mycorrhizal plants was less than that in the non-mycorrhizal plants. Additionally, AMF increased the concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in shoot and root. It can be concluded that AMF alleviated detrimental effects of increasing O3 on host plant through improving plant nutrition and growth.     

丛枝菌根真菌在不同类型煤矸石山植被恢复中的作用

采用温室盆栽试验的方法,研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)、真菌Glomus etunicatum(GE)和Glomus versiforme(GV)对新排、风化和自燃这3种类型煤矸石上玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、矿质营养吸收、C∶N∶P生态化学计量比、重金属吸收的影响,旨在为草原生态系统煤矸石废弃地的生态重建和植被恢复提供技术依据.结果表明,在3种煤矸石上2种AM真菌均与玉米成功建立了互惠共生关系,平均菌根侵染率为36%~54%.接种GE和GV均显著增加了新排和风化煤矸石上玉米植株的干重,接种GV显著增加了自燃煤矸石上玉米植株的干重;接种AM真菌不同程度促进了玉米对N、P和K的吸收,降低了C∶N∶P计量比,符合生长速率假设;接种对植株地上部和根部重金属Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn浓度的影响存在显著的差异.结果表明,GE和GV在3种类型的煤矸石上表现出了不同的菌根效应,GV更适于新排煤矸石和风化煤矸石的植被恢复,GE更适于自燃煤矸石的植被恢复.试验初步证明AM真菌对于增强玉米适应不同类型煤矸石复合逆境,以及在草原生态系统不同类型煤矸石废弃地上重建植被均具有一定潜在的作用,应进一步验证野外自然条件下AM真菌对不同类型煤矸石山的实际作用效果.     

Tolerance of Chrysantemum maximum to heavy metals: The potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps

To find if ornamental plants are applicable to the remediation of metal-polluted areas, the tolerance of chrysanthemum plants (Chysanthemum maximum) var. Shasta to different metals under hydroponic conditions was studied. Their responses as influenced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG25 on substrates containing mine residues were also investigated. Our results showed that chrysanthemum is a metal-tolerant plant under hydroponic conditions, plants behaving as Pb-excluders, whereas Cd, Cu and Ni were accumulated in roots. Low accumulation in flowers was observed for Cd and Cu but it was concentration-dependent. Ni and Pb were not translocated to flowers. Shoot biomass was not significantly affected by the different rates of mine residue addition for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated less Pb and Cu in both shoots and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants. Chysanthemum could be a prospective plant for revegetation of tailings and the use of inoculation may decrease plant metal accumulation in polluted soils.     

矿区废弃地生态修复中丛枝菌根真菌接种效应

利用粉煤灰、煤矸石和污泥3种配比的复合基质作为试种土壤,接种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）进行盆栽实验,通过考察接种AMF对复合基质中植物出苗率、根冠比以及植物对总氮、速效磷和速效钾吸收的影响,研究矿区生态修复过程中AMF对的接种效应。结果表明,接种AMF,明显促进矿区复合基质中植物的生长,有效增加了宿主植物对营养元素的吸收,增加了矿区复合基质的有机质含量,加速矿区复合基质的熟化     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on arsenic accumulation by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the e ects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (from contaminated or uncontaminated soils) on arsenic (As) uptake of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in As-contaminated soil. Mycorrhizal colonization rate, dry weight, As and P uptake by plants, concentrations of water-extractable As and As fractions were determined. A low mycorrhizal colonization rate (< 25%) was detected. Our research indicated that AM fungi isolated from polluted soils were no more e ective than those from unpolluted soils when grown in symbiosis with tobacco. No significant di erences were observed in roots and stalks dry weights among all treatments. Leaves and total plant dry weights were much higher in Glomus versiforme treatment than that in control treatment. As contents in roots and stalks from mycorrhizal treatments were much lower than that from control treatment. Total plant As content exhibited the same trend. P concentrations in tobacco were not a ected by colonization, nor were stalks, leaves and total plant P contents. Roots P contents were remarkably lower in HN treatments than in other treatments. Meanwhile, decreased soil pH and lower water-extractable As concentrations and higher levels of As fraction bound to well-crystallized hydrous oxides of Fe and Al were found in mycorrhizal treatments than in controls. The protective e ect of mycorrhiza against plant As uptake may be associated with changes in As solubility mediated by changing soil pH. These results indicated that under As stress, proper mechanisms employed by AM fungi can protect tobacco against As uptake. Results confirmed that AM fungi can play an important role in food quality and safety.     

Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes

Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields.     

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Zn和Cd吸收的研究

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ吸收的研究陶红群李晓林张俊伶（中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京１０００９４）关键词丛枝菌根；锌；镉．近年来，由于工业排放及一些农业措施（如污灌等）造成许多土壤中重金属元素的污染．其中锌和镉是两个较为重要的重金属污染...